Abstract
Abstract Jatropha curcas L. seeds as a raw material for biodiesel production is a rapidly growing interest over the world because of its high oil content, ecological adaptability, and excellent fuel properties. Though there is an increase in productivity of biodiesel, showing solution for future energy insecurity, there still remains some concern for commercialization due to its susceptibility to degradation during long storage. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature and ambient condition on Jatropha biodiesel storage. An experiment was conducted for a period of 12 months, where Jatropha biodiesel stored in three groups at different temperatures (4°C, 25°C, and 35°C) and environmental conditions (exposed in dark, light, and air). At regular intervals, the samples were taken out to analyze acid value, density, kinematic viscosity, and thermogravimetric profile to monitor the quality of biodiesel. Analysis showed that acid value, density, kinematic viscosity, and the onset temperature of volatilization and distillation increases with the increase in storage time of biodiesel samples. However, Jatropha biodiesel stored at 35°C, in contact with ambient air and light showed highest degradation compared to those which were stored at 25°C and 4°C. Among all the parameters studied, high temperature and air exposure are the two most potent parameters which accelerate the degradation process. Along with that, light exposure had mild but significant effect on Jatropha biodiesel degradation over a long storage period.
Highlights
Throughout history, fossil fuels were the primary resources for power production
By assessing the wind data of Kahrizak and drawing wind rose of this region (Fig. 1), it is observed that this region with maximum and average wind speed of 15 and 6 m/s, respectively, has a high potential for establishing wind farm and the dominant wind direction of the region over the 6 years is toward east and south–east
It must be mentioned that wind farm efficiency is defined as the ratio of the total energy extracted by the wind farm having N turbines and N times the energy extracted by an isolated turbine with the same undisturbed wind [23]
Summary
Throughout history, fossil fuels were the primary resources for power production. Despite the efforts in increasing government’s attention to the development and expansion of renewable energy sources, yet fossil fuels are one of the principal sources of power production [1].there is no doubt that some sophisticated circumstances caused striking limitations for fossil fuel consumers, for instances, finite nature of fossil fuels, rising demand for variety of energy sources, sustainable development, awareness of environmental problems from burningRecently, the share of renewable energies in the world’s energy portfolio has been constantly increased [2]. Throughout history, fossil fuels were the primary resources for power production. Despite the efforts in increasing government’s attention to the development and expansion of renewable energy sources, yet fossil fuels are one of the principal sources of power production [1]. There is no doubt that some sophisticated circumstances caused striking limitations for fossil fuel consumers, for instances, finite nature of fossil fuels, rising demand for variety of energy sources, sustainable development, awareness of environmental problems from burning. Renewable energy resource is often viewed as a good alternative for fossil fuel because of its wide availability and environmentally friendly nature [3]. Among all sources of renewable energies, wind power due to its safety for environment as well as its sustainability, has become more conspicuous in recent years [5]. Since 1980, from the beginning of wind farms’ development, wind power experienced an unprecedented evolution, increased with almost 1500% within the global wind power installation over the last 15 years, in such a way that at the end of 2015, the total installed capacity reached 432 GW [6]
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