Abstract
Heavy metal and metalloid-contaminated soil is a serious barrier to colonization for many plant species. The problem of the elimination of toxic waste accumulated in technogenous soils in many highly transformed regions is extremely important. Hence, another attempt was made to analyze the effect of the addition of sorbents (BCH—biochar, B—bentonite, ChM—chicken manure, OS—organo-zeolitic substrate) to contaminated copper soil on the germination and early growth of Eurasian common grass species (Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis), which could potentially be used in recultivation. This experiment was based on the laboratory sandwich method. Standard germination indexes, morphometry and biomass analysis were used. The percentage of germinating seeds was lower in each of the soil variants and sorbents used compared to the control. Dry mass was positively stimulated by all sorbents. The response to the addition of sorbents, expressed as the electrolyte leakage of seedlings, was different depending on the species and type of sorbent. Among all sorbents, the most positive effects on germination and growth were observed in the case of OS. Overall, the response to the addition of sorbents was different in the studied species, depending on their stage of development.
Highlights
Toxic elements (PTEs) occur naturally in the environment
The germination rate calculated after 3 days of germination (GR3) for Agrostis capillaris and A. stolonifera was similar between the control and the copper-contaminated soil without sorbents (Cu)
No significant differences in the amount of germinated seeds were observed between seeds germinating on Petri dishes with Cu alone and with the addition of organic substrates (OS)
Summary
Toxic elements (PTEs) occur naturally in the environment. weathering and volcanic eruptions and other natural activities produce only insignificant concentrations of them. Increased concentrations of PTEs in the soil currently represent one of the most serious environmental problems, as they adversely affect the quality of the environment and are toxic to living organisms [3,8,9]. To eliminate their harmful effects, it is necessary to reduce their content in the soil by remediation methods. Conventional methods have been used such as soil washing, soil replacement, landfilling, etc The disadvantages of these techniques are impracticality, their time-consuming nature, money and material requirements [10,11,12]
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