Effect of solution concentration on the attack of concrete by combined sulphate and chloride solutions

Abstract

ABSTRACT Seawater attack presents a number of challenges to the concrete designer. The combined attack by sulphates and chlorides in seawater involves a complicated mechanism. In a number of cases, such as in outfall tunnels of seawater desalination projects, there is a possibility of encountering magnesium sulphate solutions (or magnesium brine solutions) having higher concentrations than seawater. This paper reports an experimental investigation to understand the influence of the solution concentration of seawater on the performance of cement mortars, through a combination of physical, chemical and microstructural analyses. Results indicate that higher concentrations of seawater do not cause the same level of damage as higher concentrations of groundwater relative to the typical seawater/groundwater solutions. The role of the brucite layer, formed on the surface during magnesium sulphate attack, is explored in detail to help understand the mechanisms governing the attack.