Abstract

Abstract A combination treatment of preemergence O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) at 5 kg/ha plus postemergence a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 0.6 kg/ha gave outstanding weed control when applications were incorporated 2.5 cm in soil. The treatment controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] without reducing the yield of ‘Charleston Grey’ watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.). High rates of application of bensulide alone reduced yields. Isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) and methyl-(4-amino-benzene)sulfonyl carbamate (MB-9057) were promising, but N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2, 6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) were less effective. Several herbicides controlled weeds more efficiently when soil-incorporated 5.0 cm rather than 1.3 cm. Deep incorporation of preemergence applications of benefin and trifluralin reduced the yields. Oversprays of a petroleum mulch had no effect on preemergence applications of bensulide but increased soil temp, soil moisture, and crop yields. Laboratory bioassays showed that under high temp, furrow irrigation, and low rainfall, trifluralin moved upwards in sandy clay loam and had a half-life of 1 and 3 weeks with 1.3- and 5.0-cm incorporation in soil, respectively. Persistence of trifluralin increased with rate of application and depth of incorporation. Traces of trifluralin activity were found 5 months after treatment only with the 1.1 kg/ha application soil-incorporated 5.0 cm. Field bioassays showed that whereas bensulide, benefin, and trifluralin reduced the growth of German millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.], only bensulide reduced the growth of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.). Crop injury increased with rate of application and depth of incorporation.

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