Abstract
Objective: Daily exposure to food preservatives constitutes a major crisis to children especially during vaccination so; the aim of the study is to assess the effect of sodium nitrite on the immune responses against Rift Valley fever vaccine (RVFV) in Swiss mice.
 Methods: Mice were divided into four equal groups: group 1 (control) was orally administrated with distilled water (2 ml/kg b. wt.); group 2 was orally administrated with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of sodium nitrite 0.07 mg/kg b. wt. daily for 21 d, group 3 was vaccinated with inactivated RVFV two times and group 4 was orally given sodium nitrite and vaccinated as group 3. Blood samples were collected from all groups two weeks after booster vaccination. The leucocytic indices and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were determined to assess the cell-mediated immunity. The humoral immunity was evaluated using direct enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test and serum neutralization test (SNT).
 Results: Sodium nitrite significantly increased the neutrophil index and the NLR whereas; it decreased the total leucocytic count and lymphocyte index in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated mice. Moreover, sodium nitrite significantly decreased both the IgG titer and the efficiency of vaccination through increasing the ED50 value.
 Conclusion: Sodium nitrite existed an immune-suppressive effect on both cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.
Highlights
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an insect-borne zoonotic disease throughout tropical African countries [1], and characterized by severe epizootics of abortion in ruminants and meningitis, and/or impairment of vision in man [2], with no specific treatment (Kortekaas, 2014)
Due to official and economic challenges, the production of human Rift Valley fever vaccine (RVFV) has been reluctant ; high efficacy and safety veterinary vaccines are exclusively developed for livestock [4]
Most of the food additives such as preservatives and flavors produced a significant decline in immune responses and an inhibitory effect on the production of oxygen free radicals responsible for the phagocytic effect of neutrophils [6]
Summary
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an insect-borne zoonotic disease throughout tropical African countries [1], and characterized by severe epizootics of abortion in ruminants and meningitis, and/or impairment of vision in man [2], with no specific treatment (Kortekaas, 2014). Most of the food additives such as preservatives and flavors produced a significant decline in immune responses and an inhibitory effect on the production of oxygen free radicals responsible for the phagocytic effect of neutrophils [6]. Sodium nitrite produced a desirable pink to red color, that is extremely obvious characteristic for consumer acceptance [10]. The incidence of epithelial hyperplasia in the glandular stomach was increased in mice after consuming a high level of sodium nitrite in drinking water [13]. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of ADI doses of sodium nitrite on both cellular and humoral immune responses against RVFV in a murine module to assess the possible hazard effect of sodium nitrite on routine vaccinations
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