Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on continuous glucose monitoring metrics, as adjunctive to insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

AimsThis meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on continuous glucose monitoring metrics as adjunctive to insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted through Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Library and Google Scholar until October 25, 2023. Dual-independent study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted. Results were summarized with random effects meta-analysis. ResultsEight RCTs were identified, involving a total of 2310 T1D patients. The use of SGLT2is on top of standard insulin therapy was associated with a significantly higher time in range (TIR) compared to placebo (mean difference (MD) 9.7 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI) [8.3, 1.11]; P < 0.001). The time above range was significantly lower in patients receiving SGLT2is (MD -8.71 %; 95 % CI [−11.62, −5.79]; P < 0.001), whereas no difference was observed regarding the time below range (TBR) (MD 0.34 %; 95 % CI [−0.17, 0.85]; P = 0.19). A significantly lower sensor-recorded mean daily glucose was noted in the group receiving SGLT2is (MD -16.55 mg/dL; 95 % CI [−19.82, −13.29]; P < 0.001). When considering the metrics of glucose variability, SGLT2is demonstrated a significant favorable effect on the mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MD -16.92 mg/dL; 95 % CI [−25.31, −8.13]; P < 0.001) and the mean standard deviation of weekly glucose levels (MD -7.67 mg/dL; 95 % CI [−11, −4.35]; P < 0.001). No significant effect was observed concerning the coefficient of variation (MD -1 %; 95 % CI [−2.39, 0.4]; P = 0.16). Regarding safety outcomes, SGLT2is were significantly linked to higher odds of diabetic ketoacidosis compared to insulin alone (OR 3.18; 95 % CI [1.79, 5.66]; P < 0.001), with no significant impact on severe hypoglycemia events (OR 1; 95 % CI [0.54, 1.85]; P = 0.1). ConclusionOur findings suggest that in individuals with T1D, adjunct therapy with SGLT2is provides a significant benefit in terms of TIR and reduced glucose variability, without an increase in TBR.