Abstract
Soda residue (SR), the solid waste of Na2CO3 produced by ammonia soda process, pollutes water and soil, increasing environmental pressure. SR has high alkalinity, and its main components are Ca(OH)2, NaCl, CaCl2, CaSO4, and CaCO3, which accords with the requirements of being an alkali activator. The aim of this research is to investigate the best proportion of SR addition and the contribution of individual chemical components in SR to SR- activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) cementitious materials. In this paper, GGBS pastes activated by SR, Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 + NaCl, Ca(OH)2 + CaCl2, Ca(OH)2 + CaSO4, and Ca(OH)2 + CaCO3 were studied regarding setting time, compressive strength (1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d), hydration products, and microstructure. The results demonstrate that SR (24%)-activated GGBS pastes possess acceptable setting time and compressive strength (29.6 MPa, 28 d), and its hydration products are calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel, calcium aluminum silicate hydrates (CASH) gel and Friedel’s salt. CaCl2 in SR plays a main role in hydration products generation and high compressive strength of SR- activated GGBS pastes.
Highlights
With the rapid development of the construction industry, concrete has become the most widely used construction materials in the world, which leads to the increase of cement production year by year [1,2]
This paper studies the behavior of Soda residue (SR)-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) with different proportion of SR, and investigates the contribution of Ca(OH)2, NaCl, CaCl2, CaSO4, CaCO3 in SR to SR-activated GGBS
The results open the possibility to a massive use of SR in civil engineering
Summary
With the rapid development of the construction industry, concrete has become the most widely used construction materials in the world, which leads to the increase of cement production year by year [1,2]. In 2018, global cement production reached 3.95 billion tons, that is to say, it adds about 3.71 billion tons of CO2 to the atmosphere, equivalent to 5% to 7% of the global total [1,3,4,5,6]. To solve this environmental problem, waste/by-product materials, such as fly ash and GGBS, have been used for the formation of alkali-activated cementitious materials as an alternative to cement [5,7]. The main chemical components of GGBS are CaO, SiO2 , and Al2 O3 [5]
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