Effect of silica nanoparticle size on toughening mechanisms of filled epoxy

Abstract

The addition of silica nanoparticles (23 nm, 74 nm, and 170 nm) to a lightly crosslinked, model epoxy resin, was studied. The effect of silica nanoparticle content and particle size on glass transition temperature (Tg), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), Young's modulus (E), yield stress (σ), fracture energy (GIC) and fracture toughness (KIC), were investigated. The toughening mechanisms were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transmission optical microscopy (TOM). The experimental results revealed that the addition of silica nanoparticles did not have a significant effect on Tg or the yield stress of epoxy resin, i.e. the yield stress and Tg remained constant regardless of silica nanoparticle size. As expected, the addition of silica nanoparticles had a significant impact on CTE, modulus and fracture toughness. The CTE values of nanosilica-filled epoxies were found to decrease with increasing silica nanoparticle content, which can be attributed to the much lower CTE of the silica nanoparticles. Interestingly, the decreases in CTE showed strong particle size dependence. The Young's modulus was also found to significantly improve with addition of silica nanoparticles and increase with increasing filler content. However, the particle size did not exhibit any effect on the Young's modulus. Finally, the fracture toughness and fracture energy showed significant improvements with the addition of silica nanoparticles, and increased with increasing filler content. The effect of particle size on fracture toughness was negligible. Observation of the fracture surfaces using SEM and TOM showed evidence of debonding of silica nanoparticles, matrix void growth, and matrix shear banding, which are credited for the increases in toughness for nanosilica-filled epoxy systems. Shear banding mechanism was the dominant mechanism while the particle debonding and plastic void growth were the minor mechanisms.