Effect of shade and thermo-mechanical viscosity stimulation methods on the rheological properties of nanohybrid resin composite

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to measure the rheological properties of nanohybrid resin composite of three shades in pre-polymerized phase using different thermomechanical stimulations. Nanohybrid composite (Kerr Herculite XRV Ultra) in enamel, dentin, and incisal shades was included. Rheological measurements were made with a rotational rheometer in dynamic oscillation mode using three methods: (a) Strain Sweep test explored a range of deformation γ0 from 0.025 to 3% with a frequency ω = 1 Hz (temperature set at 25 and 65 °C), (b) Frequency Sweep test explored frequencies between 1 and 100 rad/s applying a deformation γ0 = 0.5% (temperature set at 25; 45; 65 °C), and (c) Ramp Temperature test explored a heating phase from 25 to 75 °C then a cooling phase back to 25 °C applying a γ0 = 0.5% and a ω = 10 rad/s. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Viscosity measurement (p < 0.05) and shade of the composites (p < 0.05) significantly affected the results. Viscosity turned out to be subordinate to strain amplitude, frequency, temperature, and axial force applied during each test. Enamel shade was the most viscous whereas dentin shade was 8% less viscous (p < 0.05). The incisal shade was significantly less viscous (70%) than enamel (p < 0.05). Pre-heating decreased viscosity of incisal shade (30%) above 50 °C but this value was 90 and 98%, respectively, for strain and frequency sweep test. Preheating had a side effect as in the cooling phase, viscosity increased from 66 to 450% exceeding the value recorded at the beginning of the test. Preheating was not effective to reduce viscosity, and may reveal some side effects. The composite tested might not be pre-heated above 45 °C.