Abstract
When men are exposed to the coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2), compared with women, they will suffer from more severe consequences of this disease, leading to a higher death rate. These differences are probably due to sex-specific behaviors, genetic and hormonal factors, and sex differences in biological pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several socio-behavioral factors are involved in pathogenesis in men compared to women. However, sexual-biological differences and their effects on SARS-COV-2 outcomes have received less scholarly attention. Sexual-biological differences between healthy populations and age- and sex-specific conditions such as pregnancy and menopause also play a role. More extensive studies on gender-specific differences and robust analyses are needed to determine how gender can alter the cellular and molecular pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2. This will improve biomarker interpretation and clinical management of SARS-COV-2 patients by facilitating a personalized medicine approach to risk stratification, prevention, and treatment. The present review summarizes the available literature on the proposed molecular and cellular markers associated with SARS-COV-2 infection, their association with health outcomes, and any gender-specific variation reported.
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