Abstract
Introduction: Arterial stiffness is recognised as a significant cardiovascular risk factor and an independent predictor of all causes of cardiovascular death. Women are the largest population exposed to cigarette smoke either at work or from their partner. The objectives of this study are to compare the arterial stiffness (augmentation index and pulse wave velocity) between second hand smoke (SHS) and non second hand smoke (non-SHS).
 Designs and method: Comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 healthy female subjects (64 SHS and 54 non- SHS). The women were in the SHS group if their spouse is a smoker and they had an exposure to cigarette smoke for at least three years, minimum of15 minutes two days a week. Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity was used to study the arterial stiffness. Pulse wave analysis reported as percentage of augmentation index. Pulse wave velocity equal to carotid femoral distance (meter) divided by time (second)
 Results: The mean augmentation index (AIx) for SHS groups was 17.9 (SD7.06) and for non SHS groups was 20.7(SD6.11). The mean of Pulse wave velocity was 8.94 (SD1.36) in SHS groups and 9.02 (SD8.68) in non SHS groups. ANOVA and ANCOVA shown significance difference in crude mean (p = 0.047) and estimated marginal mean (p = 0.028) of augmentation index between SHS and non - SHS after controlling for age and BMI. However, there was no significant difference in crude mean (p = 0.795) and estimated marginal mean (p = 0.716) pulse wave velocity between SHS and non - SHS after controlling for age and BMI.
 Conclusion: An increase in augmentation index amongst non SHS in this study most probably due to exposure to environmental tobacco at work compared to exposure to spouse’s smoke
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.340-346
Highlights
Arterial stiffness is recognised as a significant cardiovascular risk factor and an independent predictor of all causes of cardiovascular death
Mean age of 33, second hand smoke women are considered to have some atherosclerotic changes that would affect their arterial stiffness and with exposure to passive smoker, will further increase their cardiovascular risk Effect of passive smoking on arterial stiffness Endothelial dysfunctions are important in early features of the artherogenic process, which may occur in systemic arteries of healthy teenagers and young adults.[16,21]
Mahmud and Feely demonstrate that even a single cigarette exposure will produce an acute increase in arterial stiffness in non-smokers.[21]
Summary
Arterial stiffness is recognised as a significant cardiovascular risk factor and an independent predictor of all causes of cardiovascular death. Pulse wave velocity equal to carotid femoral distance (meter) divided by time (second) Results: The mean augmentation index (AIx) for SHS groups was 17.9 (SD7.06) and for non SHS groups was 20.7(SD6.11). In acute exposure to ETS, the effect of endothelial dysfunction is usually transient,[18] yet, chronic exposure causes irreversible endothelial damage.[19] Two main compounds of cigarette smoke, nicotine and carbon monoxide, play an important role in causing endothelial dysfunction by impairing the endothelium vasodilator response.[20] An increase in arterial stiffness is associated with factors such as age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.[21] When the vessel stiffen, the pulse wave velocity(PWV) and the amplitude of the reflected wave arrive earlier and augment the central systolic pressure. The mean (SD) BMI of the SHS and non‐SHS respondents was 24.8 (4.83) kg/m2 and 23.7 (4.04) kg/m2, respectively
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