Effect of Scandium Triflate on the RAFT Copolymerization of Methyl Acrylate and Vinyl Acetate Controlled by an Acid/Base “Switchable” Chain Transfer Agent

Abstract

Modulation of the activity of an acid/base switchable dithiocarbamate RAFT agent, cyanomethyl (4-fluorophenyl)(pyridin-4-yl)carbamodithioate, with the Lewis acid scandium triflate (Sc(OTf)3) was investigated to examine the ability to deliver improved control over RAFT copolymerizations involving both more-activated and less-activated monomers—specifically the copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) and vinyl acetate (VAc). The introduction of either 0.5 or 1 mol equiv of Sc(OTf)3, with respect to RAFT agent, into a RAFT copolymerization of MA and VAc provides substantially improved control resulting in significantly reduced molar mass dispersities (Đ) (∼1.1–1.3) than achieved in its absence (Đ ∼ 1.3–1.4). Furthermore, similar introduction of Sc(OTf)3 into MA homopolymerization mediated by the same RAFT agent also delivered polymers of very low Đ (∼1.15). Sc(OTf)3 was also found to lower the rate of polymerization and alter the copolymerization reactivity ratios for MA and VAc. Increasing the Lewis acid concentration provides enhanced incorporation of the less active monomer, VAc, into the copolymers ([Sc(OTf)3]/[RAFT] = 0, rMA = 4.04, rVAc = 0.032; [Sc(OTf)3]/[RAFT] = 0.5, rMA = 3.08, rVAc = 0.17; [Sc(OTf)3]/[RAFT] = 1, rMA = 2.68, rVAc = 0.62). Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of preparative samples confirm the enhanced VAc incorporation with increased levels of Sc(OTf)3. Importantly the inclusion of Sc(OTf)3 does not deleteriously affect the thiocarbonylthio end-groups of the RAFT polymers, with high end-group fidelity being observed in all copolymerizations.