Abstract
Abstract We have examined the co-doping effects of 1/2 mol% NiO and 1/4 mol% Cr 2 O 3 (Ni:Cr = 1:1) on the reaction,microstructure, and electrical properties, such as the bulk defects and the grain boundary properties, of ZnO-Bi 2 O 3 -Sb 2 O 3 (ZBS;Sb/Bi = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) varistors. The sintering and electrical properties of Ni,Cr-doped ZBS, ZBS(NiCr) varistors werecontrolled using the Sb/Bi ratio. Pyrochlore (Zn 2 Bi 3 Sb 3 O 14 ), α-spinel (Zn 7 Sb 2 O 12 ), and δ-Bi 2 O 3 were detected for all ofcompositions. For the sample with Sb/Bi = 1.0, the Pyrochlore was decomposed and promoted densification at lowertemperature by Ni rather than by Cr. A homogeneous microstructure was obtained for all of the samples affected by α-spinel.The varistor characteristics were not dramatically improved (non-linear coefficient, α= 5~24), and seemed to formZn i .. (0.17 eV) and V o . (0.33 eV) as dominant defects. From impedance and modulus spectroscopy, the grain boundaries werefound to have been divided into two types, i.e., one is tentatively assigned to ZnO/Bi
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