Effect of salinity on adsorption and desorption of paraquat in Pak Phanang river sediment, Thailand

Abstract

Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of salinity (0–30 g L−1) on adsorption and desorption of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-dipyridylium dichloride), one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, in sediment of Pak Phanang River Basin, Thailand. Sediments from five locations were used in the studies (two from freshwater sites and three sites under saline environment). The adsorption capacity (Kf) of the sediments was positively correlated with CEC (r = 0.81**) and clay content (r = 0.70*). Paraquat adsorption by sediment was faster under fresh water (0 g L−1) versus saline conditions (10 and 20 g L−1). The adsorption coefficient (Kf) at low salinity (0 g L−1) was 17,302 whereas the Kf at 10 and 20 g L−1 were 5,344 and 4,263, respectively. Paraquat desorption was greater at higher salinity, which is similar to the salinity of estuarine or seawater. Approximately 12–31 % of sorbed paraquat in fresh water and saline sediment (7.67 and 7.98 mg kg−1) were released when leaching with 20 g L−1 salinity. The amount of paraquat released was in proportion to the amount sorbed. Results show that increases in salinity resulting from salt water intrusion from the lower estuary into the Pak Phanang River Basin would result in release of adsorbed paraquat from sediment into the water column.