Effect of Sac Asymmetry, Neck and Iliac Angle on the Hemodynamic Behavior of Idealized Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Geometries

Abstract

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) are currently treated based on the universal maximum diameter criterion, but other geometric variables may play a role in the risk of rupture. The hemodynamic environment inside the AAA sac has been shown to interact with several biologic processes which can affect prognosis. AAA geometric configuration has a significant impact in the hemodynamic conditions that develop, which has only been recently realized, with implications for rupture risk estimations. We aim to perform a parametric study to evaluate the effect of aortic neck angulation, angle between the iliac arteries and sac asymmetry on the hemodynamic variables of AAAs. This study uses idealized AAA models and it is parametrized in terms of three quantities: the neck angle, φ(o), iliac angle, θ(o), and sac asymmetry, SA(%), each of which accepts three different values, specifically φ=(0o,30o,60o),θ=(40o,60o,80o), and SA=(S,SS,OS) where the sac asymmetry can either be on the same side with respect to neck (SS) or on the opposite side (OS). Time Average Wall Shear Stress (TAWSS), Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI), Relative Residence Time (RRT) and the velocity profile are calculated for different geometric configurations while the percentage of the total surface area under thrombogenic conditions, using thresholds previously reported in the literature, is also recorded. In case of an angulated neck and a higher angle between iliac arteries, favorable hemodynamic conditions are predicted with higher TAWSS and lower OSI and RRT values. The area under thrombogenic conditions reduces by 16%-46% as the neck angle increases from 0o to 60o, depending on the hemodynamic variable under consideration. The effect of iliac angulation is present but less pronounced with 2.5%-7.5% change between the lower and the higher angle. The effect of sac asymmetry seems to be significant for OSI with a non-symmetrical configuration being hemodynamically favorable, which in the presence of an angulated neck is more pronounced for the OS outline. Favorable hemodynamic conditions develop inside the sac of idealized AAAs with increasing neck and iliac angles. Regarding the sac asymmetry parameter, asymmetrical configurations most often appear advantageous. Concerning the velocity profile the triplet (φ,θ,SA) may affect outcomes under certain conditions and thus should be taken into account when parametrizing the geometric characteristics of AAAs.