Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced particle size of ginseng by roasting and cryogenic milling on increasing its water solubility and physiological activity. The samples were roasted for different times (9–21 min) and generated in different sizes (10–50, and >50 μm). All roasted samples revealed significantly smaller particle sizes than did non-roasted samples, based on Sauter mean diameter (D [3,2], p < 0.05). Furthermore, the particle sizes of roasted samples decreased until roasting up to 15 min. In terms of the water solubility index (WSI), antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and total polysaccharides according to particle size, 10–20 μm-sized samples showed the highest values when compared with >50 μm-sized samples. Based on roasting time, WSI values of all samples roasted for up to 15 min were higher than those of the control (not roasted) (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity and TPC also increased with increasing roasting time. Total polysaccharide content was the highest upon roasting for 15 min, except for the 10–20 μm sample. Ginsenoside content of roasted samples >20 μm size was higher than that of the control (not roasted) except after 15 min of roasting. Therefore, roasting and cryogenic milling are effective in producing ginseng root powder.
Highlights
The smallest particle size of ginseng was obtained with wet milling and cryogenic milling
In this study, roasting temperature was 180 ◦ C, which was the optimal temperature in preliminary experiments conducted at various temperatures (160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 ◦ C)
Samples with over 30 μm size indicated the highest contents when roasting for 12 min (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the roasting time to obtain the optimum ginsenoside content varied according to particle size
Summary
Ginseng roots have many bioactive constituents, such as ginsenosides, acidic polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds [3,4,5]. Major ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd) and minor ones (Rg2(S), Rg2(R), Rg3(S), Rg3(R), and Rh1(S)) in ginseng roots have many functions, including anti-cancer, antioxidation, anti-stress, blood pressure adjustment, and immune system enhancement effects [6,7,8]. Ginseng products mostly exist in the form of extracts and powders [9]. Ginseng powder forms are more effective than extract forms, because powder forms contain all the bioactive components with hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic properties [9]. Ginseng powder has problems of low water solubility, which need to be improved
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