Abstract
High viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) was recently developed for atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). However, its moisture sensitivity remains a limitation thus protective coating application is recommended. This study investigated the effect of resin coating on the surface roughness and microhardness of two HVGICs (Riva Self Cure HVGIC [RV] and Equia® Forte Fil [EQ]) conditioned in food-simulating liquids (FSLs). Fifty standard disc-shaped samples were fabricated using customised stainless-steel mould (10 × 2 mm). Coating was applied on top surface of all samples and subsequently divided into five groups: air (control), distilled water, 0.02 N citric acid, heptane and 50% ethanol-water solution. The samples were conditioned in FSLs at 37°C for seven days. Subsequently, the surface roughness and microhardness of samples were measured using optical profilometry and microhardness tester, respectively. SEM analysis was done for qualitative observation of surface morphological changes. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Interestingly, the results revealed that surface roughness was significantly influenced by FSLs immersion, presence of coating and the materials itself (p < 0.001). The lowest surface roughness was found on control coated samples: RV (50.98±4.25) nm and EQ (62.77±3.92) nm, while the highest values seen on uncoated surfaces in citric acid: RV (505.26±31.10) nm and EQ (350.33±15.36) nm. RV samples had the lowest microhardness of 54.97±2.48 Vickers hardness number (VHN) post-immersion in citric acid. In conclusion, with the exception of RV conditioned in heptane and ethanol, the uncoated HVGICs generally had higher surface roughness than the coated HVGICs. HVGICs conditioned in citric acid showed the most significant increase in surface roughness and reduction in microhardness.
Highlights
IntroductionIts wide usage in dentistry as luting agent (type I), restorative material (type II) and lining (type III) is attributed by its aesthetic appearance, biocompatibility to oral cavity, chemical bonding to tooth structure and fluoride-releasing properties (Sidhu & Nicholson, 2016)
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was first developed in the 1970s (Wilson & Kent, 1971)
The food-simulating liquids (FSLs) used for conditioning High viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) materials in this study were based on the guidelines from Food and Drug Administration (1976), for example, distilled water to simulate the wet environment of oral cavity provided by saliva and water; citric acid and ethanol to mimic acidic and certain beverages including alcohol, vegetables, fruits, candies and syrups; and heptane to simulate animal and vegetable fat such as butter, fatty meats and vegetable oils
Summary
Its wide usage in dentistry as luting agent (type I), restorative material (type II) and lining (type III) is attributed by its aesthetic appearance, biocompatibility to oral cavity, chemical bonding to tooth structure and fluoride-releasing properties (Sidhu & Nicholson, 2016). Fibre-reinforcement, resin-modification and metal powders additives were incorporated to reinforce the material (Lyapina et al, 2016) while coumarin derivatives were added to synergize with the fluoride-releasing property to elevate the anti-cariogenic activity of GIC (Azlisham et al, 2017). Filler properties such as size, morphology, distribution, amount of particles and bonding interface between particles had been proven to influence surface profile of GIC (Gladys et al, 1997) while other studies demonstrated that the incorporation of nanoparticles to GIC gave higher mechanical values as a result of wider particle size distribution (Moshaverinia et al, 2008)
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