Effect of race and ethnicity on renal transplant referral .

Abstract

Multiple studies have revealed disparity in renal healthcare access and outcomes in racial/ethnic minorities with the socioeconomic status explaining the majority but not all of the disparity. We wanted to determine if racial/ethnic disparities existed at the first step toward renal transplantation, the renal transplant referral process. A cohort of 200 adult end-stage renal disease patients was followed retrospectively for 2 years from January 2016 to February 2018. The study exposure was based on self-declared race/ethnicity of the patients, who were categorized as Black, White, and Hispanic. The study outcome was based on medical team patient evaluation and consisted of the patients who refused referral, who were not referred, and who were referred for transplant. Medical and demographic factors collected were age, gender, socioeconomic status, hemoglobin A1c ≥ 7, body mass index ≥ 40, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, the presence of coronary or peripheral arterial disease, albumin level, history of smoking, cirrhosis, and cancer. The data were analyzed using univariate analyses and multinomial logistic regression. In the adjusted analysis, there was no difference in the likelihood of transplant referral between Black and White patients (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.22 - 2.3, p = 0.56). However, both Black (OR = 16, 95% CI 3.3 - 77, p = 0.0006) and White (OR = 22, 95% CI 3.4 - 150, p = 0.0013) patients were more likely to be referred for transplant when compared with Hispanic patients. Odds of transplant refusal were not different across race/ethnic groups. Hispanic patients are disadvantaged in the referral for renal transplant when compared to Black and White patients for reasons unclear at this time.