Effect of Protease Treatment Before Hydrolysis with α‐Amylase on the Rate of Starch and Protein Hydrolysis of Maize, Whole Sorghum, and Decorticated Sorghum

Abstract

ABSTRACTWe studied the effect of sorghum decortication and protease treatment on starch hydrolysis before liquefaction with thermoresistant α‐amylase and the generation of free amino nitrogen (FAN) in preparation for subsequent steps of ethanol production. A bifactorial experiment with a level of confidence of P < 0.05 was designed to study differences among maize, whole sorghum, and decorticated sorghum and the effectiveness of the protease treatment before starch liquefaction. Sorghum was decorticated 9.7% to remove most of the pericarp and part of the germ and increase starch concentration. Starch concentration increased in decorticated kernels, whereas total phenols, fiber, and fat decreased. The decorticated sorghum had significantly higher starch and protein hydrolysis compared with the whole kernel. Protease treatment before liquefaction improved the rate of starch hydrolysis, especially in mashes from whole and decorticated sorghums. Whole and decorticated sorghum hydrolyzates treated with protease contained ≈50% more reducing sugars than the untreated counterparts. Maize yielded hydrolyzates with the the highest amount of FAN, followed by decorticated and whole sorghums. The maize and both sorghum hydrolyzates treated with protease contained ≈60 and 30% more FAN compared with the untreated counterparts. Both sorghum decortication and protease treatments before hydrolysis with α‐amylase are recommended to increase ethanol yields, save processing time (and therefore energy), and to produce mashes with higher FAN content, which is considered as an important yeast substrate.