Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection initiates with viral entry in the upper respiratory tract, leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Severe COVID-19 is characterized by pulmonary pathologies associated with respiratory failure. Thus, therapeutics aimed at inhibiting the entry of the virus or its internalization in the upper respiratory tract are of interest. Herein, we report the prophylactic application of two intranasal formulations provided by the National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB), Anu oil and til tailya, in the hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prophylactic intra-nasal instillation of these oil formulations exhibited reduced viral load in lungs and resulted in reduced body weight loss and lung-pneumonitis. In line with reduced viral load, histopathological analysis revealed a reduction in lung pathology in the Anu oil group as compared to the control infected group. However, the til tailya group did not show a significant reduction in lung pathology. Furthermore, molecular analysis using mRNA expression profiling indicated reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including Th1 and Th17 cytokines for both the intranasal formulations as a result of decreased viral load. Together, the prophylactic intranasal application of Anu oil seems to be useful in limiting both viral load and severity in SARS-CoV2 infection in the hamster model.
Highlights
Since the first report of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan in December 2019, a number of COVID-19 incidences have exploded around the globe leading it to be declared a pandemic by the WHO (Chen and Li, 2020; Wang et al, 2020)
We evaluated the lung viral load at four dpi and calculated the fold reduction in viral load in Anu oil (AO)- and til tailya (TT)-treated groups as compared to the SARS-CoV2–infected groups
Our data indicate that compared to the SARS-CoV2–infected group, viral loads in AO- and TT-treated groups were ∼3- and ∼2-fold less, respectively (Figure 1H)
Summary
Since the first report of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan in December 2019, a number of COVID-19 incidences have exploded around the globe leading it to be declared a pandemic by the WHO (Chen and Li, 2020; Wang et al, 2020) (https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019ncov-cases). Up to around 6% of COVID-19 cases end up with respiratory failure due to cytokine storm, cardiovascular complications, and Intranasal-Oil Formulation for COVID-19 multiple organ failure (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ novel-coronavirus-2019) (Guan et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2020). The virus can be transmitted and spread from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals via respiratory droplets generated through coughing, sneezing, or hyperventilation via the airborne route (Gandhi et al, 2020; Guan et al, 2020)
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