Effect of process wastewater recycling on the chemical evolution and formation mechanism of hydrochar from herbaceous biomass during hydrothermal carbonization

Abstract

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising thermochemical method used to upgrade herbaceous biomass for high-grade fuel. However, the technique yields large amounts of organic process wastewater (PW), which must be properly disposed or reused. In this work, PW was used as water source to prepare HTC feedstock. The evolution of the chemical structure and formation mechanism of hydrochar over the course of four PW recycles were demonstrated by experimental determination of the chemical compositions, equilibrium moisture contents, carbon structures, functional groups, and micro morphologies of the biomass (cornstalk in this study) and resulting hydrochars. The chemical reaction pathways induced during the HTC of biomass was established on the basis of the evolution of the chemical characteristics of the hydrochars and organic components of PW. The results showed significant improvements in the fuel quality of hydrochar as the number of PW recycles increased. The higher heating value, mass yield, and energy recovery efficiency of the hydrochars increased to 23.31 MJ/kg, 62.16%, and 86.24%, respectively, after four PW recycles because PW recycling facilitates the conversion of biomass into a hydrochar matrix with a high carbonization degree and polymerization of intermediates into microspheres. As the number of PW recycles increased, the relative content of furan compounds in the aqueous product decreased and the content of aromatic compounds increased. Further analysis of the aqueous products revealed the polymerization of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into aromatic compounds and inhibition of the direct polymerization of aldehydes into aromatic compounds. The results of this work provide a theoretical basis for studying the chemical reaction and evolution mechanism of herbaceous biomass during HTC with recycled PW.