Abstract
This study is focused on the influence of convective drying (50, 60, and 70 °C) and infrared (IR) power (250, 500, and 750 W) on the drying kinetics, the specific energy consumption of terebinth drying as well as quality and bioactive compounds upon various pretreatments such as ultrasound (US), blanching (BL), and microwave (MW). Compared to convective drying, IR drying decreased more the drying time and energy consumption (SEC). Application of higher IR powers and air temperatures accelerated the drying process at lower energy consumption (SEC) and higher energy efficiency and moisture diffusion. Terebinth dried by a convective dryer at 60 °C with US pretreatment showed a better color compared to other samples. It also exhibited the polyphenol and flavonoid content of 145.35 mg GAE/g d.m. and 49.24 mg QE/g d.m., respectively, with color variations of 14.25 and a rehydration rate of 3.17. The proposed pretreatment methods significantly reduced the drying time and energy consumption, and from the other side it increased energy efficiency, bioactive compounds, and quality of the dried samples (p < 0.01). Among the different pretreatments used, microwave pretreatment led to the best results in terms of the drying time and SEC, and energy efficiency. US pretreatment showed the best results in terms of preserving the bioactive compounds and the general appearance of the terebinth.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
The results indicated that the use of various pretreatments can reduce the kinetics of the drying, the highest effective moisture diffusion, as well as the shortest drying time and specific energy consumption (SEC), were achieved in the blanched red bell pepper
The results indicated that the blanching and blanching pretreatment can decrease the drying time as a result of an increment in effective moisture diffusion
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Terebinth belongs to the Pistacacia genus from the Anacardiaceae family. This genus includes 11 tree and bush species which can be found in some Asian countries including. Iraq, Turkey, and Syria [1]. Terebinth has three subspecies (Cabulica, Mutica, and Kurdica). Kurdica can be widely found in the Zagros mountains (Kurdistan, Ilam, Kermanshah, and West Azarbayjan) and is among the most important species of this region
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