Abstract
Electroless plating involves sensitization, activation, and plating processes. Sensitization and activation are conducted by dipping the substrate in SnCl2 solution and PdCl2 solution, respectively. These pretreatment processes are required to plate the substrate with noncatalytic surfaces. We investigated the effect of sensitization on the magnetic properties of FeCoNi@graphene hybrids prepared via electroless plating. The solution concentrations during sensitization were varied to observe changes in the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of FeCoNi@graphene using XRD, TEM, and VSM, respectively. Sensitization under high concentration produced a large amount of SnO2, resulting in low saturation magnetization. Further, the FeCoNi@graphene hybrid prepared via electroless plating without sensitization also exhibited low saturation magnetization owing to the formation of oxides and hydroxides. We prepared FeCoNi@graphene with a saturation magnetization of 40.8 emu/g under sensitization at low concentration; this is the highest saturation magnetization among the reported magnetic material@graphene hybrids prepared via electroless plating. This study provides guidelines for the pretreatment of graphene via electroless plating and should contribute to future studies on the synthesis of magnetic material@graphene hybrids.
Highlights
Soft magnetic alloys are used in electromagnetic absorbers [1, 2], transformers [3], and magnetic sensors [4, 5] owing to their satisfactory soft magnetic properties including high saturation magnetization, low coercivity, and high permeability [6,7,8,9]
Electroless plating is widely used in the industry to prepare metal-coated substrates because it affords several advantages: (1) it does not require external power, unlike the electroplating method; (2) a material can be coated on an insulating substrate; and (3) metals can be coated on a substrate without an additional reduction process, unlike in other chemical synthesis methods
We investigated the effect of sensitization on FeCoNi@graphene hybrids synthesized by electroless plating
Summary
Soft magnetic alloys are used in electromagnetic absorbers [1, 2], transformers [3], and magnetic sensors [4, 5] owing to their satisfactory soft magnetic properties including high saturation magnetization, low coercivity, and high permeability [6,7,8,9]. Journal of Nanomaterials plating of graphene should be different from that for conventional macroscale materials For the latter, the amounts of tin, Pd, and plated metal are much smaller than that of the substrate, whereas for the former, these amounts could be greater than that of graphene owing to the high specific surface area of graphene. If excess tin and Pd are produced on the graphene surface during the pretreatment processes, the saturation magnetization of the magnetic metal@graphene hybrids will decrease because tin and Pd have low magnetism. Certain studies have investigated metal@graphene hybrids prepared via electroless plating, few studies have analyzed the effect of pretreatments on graphene. We investigated the effect of sensitization on FeCoNi@graphene hybrids synthesized by electroless plating. This study provides chemical insights into the electroless plating of metal nanoparticle@graphene hybrids for realizing the mass production of functional magnetic hybrids
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