Effect of Preoperative Right Ventricular Dysfunction on Heart Transplantation Outcomes

Abstract

We investigated if the occurrence of preoperative right ventricular dysfunction is capable of influencing heart transplant results in terms of in-hospital mortality, incidence of primary graft dysfunction, and follow-up mortality. We retrospectively analyzed 517 patients who underwent heart transplant between January 2000 and December 2020. We defined right ventricular dysfunction (RVD), as central venous pressure (CVP) > 15 mm Hg and CVP/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio > 0.63. We identified 2 subgroups in our population: 33 patients with preoperative RVD and 484 patients without RVD. In-hospital mortality was 7.9%. Severe early graft failure occurred in 6.6% of patients, with 26 patients (5.1%) needing intra-aortic balloon pump and 17 patients (3.3%) needing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Clinical variables that significantly influenced in-hospital mortality were age, peripheral artery disease, and bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dL, while hemodynamic variables influencing in-hospital mortality were CVP (odds ratio [OR], 1.09 [confidence interval {CI}, 1.03-1.15], P=.004], pulmonary artery systolic pressure (OR, 1.02 [CI, 1.00-1.04], P=.05), CVP/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio (OR, 2.78 [CI, 1.14-6.80], P=.025), pulmonary vascular resistance (OR, 1.15 [CI, 1.01-1.32], P=.042), transpulmonary gradient (TPG) (OR, 1.11 [CI, 1.03-1.18], P=.003) , diastolic transpulmonary gradient (OR, 1.10 [CI, 1.02-1.20], P=.015], together with right ventricular dysfunction (OR, 3.56 [CI, 1.44-8.80], P=.011). On the other hand, clinical variables influencing the incidence of early graft failure were body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) > 30, peripheral artery disease, bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dL, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score excluding international normalized ratio before transplant, and preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, while hemodynamic variables were pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (OR, 1.03 [CI, 1.00-1.05], P=.016), TPG (OR, 1.08 [1.01-1.17], P=.03), and right ventricular dysfunction (OR, 3.00 [CI, 1.07-8.40] P=.046). On the multivariable analysis, RVD and TPG were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, while only TPG was a predictor of early graft failure. Follow-up mortality was 38.7% and was influenced by recipient age, recipient body mass index, and preoperative diabetes. Moreover, 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival of patients with preoperative RVD was significantly worse than patients without RVD (log-rank=0.001). In our population, RVD influenced both in-hospital and long-term results after heart transplant. For these reasons, it appears crucially important to optimize preoperative right ventricular function to improve these patients' outcomes.