Abstract
The poultry manure and vertisols matter have potency for reclaiming a soil. The research objectives was to study the effect of poultry manure (PM) and vertisols matter (VM) on availability and leaching of macro nutrient in coastal sandy soil treated by rainfall simulation. A laboratory experiment was conducted with lesymeters to measure nutrient leaching. The factorial 4 × 4 treatment applied was arranged by randomized completely block design with three replications. The first factor was level of PM consisted of 0, 20, 40, and 60 Mg ha-1. The second one wasthe level of VM consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15%. Variables observed were soil physical and chemical properties such as bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), porosity, pF 2.54, pF 4.2, available water capacity (AWC), permeability, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available macro nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) by Morgan Wolf extraction, and the rate of macro nutrient leaching measuared by Spectrophotometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Result of the research showed that application of PM and VM in the sandy soil decreased soil PD and BD, increased soil porosity and AWC, decreased soil permeability, and slightly increased soil CEC. Application of PM and VM increased soil available nutrient in the sandy soil. Up to 60 Mg ha-1 dose PM increased soil available nutrient, while 10 to 15% dose, VM did not increased it. The rank of nutrient leaching from high to low by rain simulation was N-NO3 -> SO4 = > K+ > Ca2+. Leaching of K and N-NH4+ could be reduced by soil amendment. Combination of PM 60 Mg ha-1 and VM 10% was the best soil amendment for increasing nutrient availability and decreasing nutrient leaching in the sandy soil.Keywords: available nutrient, coastal sandy soil, leaching, poultry manure, vertisols matter
Highlights
Acid upland in Indonesia based on exploration soil map of Indonesia year 2000 is about 102.8 million hectare distributed mainly in Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua, but only 54.3% suitable for agriculture development (Balai Penelitian Tanah 2006)
Humic acid as product of Organic matter (OM) decomposition has an important role in controling many reactions in the soil, and it depends on the amount and activity of functional groups, especially carboxilate (COOH) and hydroxide (OH) (Stevenson 1982; Ait Baddi et al 2003)
Humic substances used in the research were extracted from composted rice straw
Summary
Acid upland in Indonesia based on exploration soil map of Indonesia year 2000 is about 102.8 million hectare distributed mainly in Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua, but only 54.3% suitable for agriculture development (Balai Penelitian Tanah 2006). Major problems of acid upland are low pH and fertility, high exchangeable acidity (Ward et al 2010), high aluminum (Al) saturation and monomeric Al (Heim et al 2003). Soil amelioration using agricultural lime decreased exchangeable Al (Rahman 2002). Application of composted rice straw increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable Al (Anwar et al 2006). Aluminum toxicity in acidic soils could be reduced by application of feedlot manure and poultry litter (Tang et al 2007). Additon of humic extracted from composted rice and soybean straw to solution containing 0.2 mM AlCl3 reduced Al concentration in the solution (Winarso et al 2010). Haynes and Mokolobate (2001) reviewed from a number of reports and concluded that additions of organic residues to acid soils can reduce Al toxicity and improve P availability, and two important groups in relation to Al toxicity and P
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