Abstract
As pinyon–juniper (specifically, Pinus monophylla and Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands in the western United States increase in distribution and density, understory growth declines and the occurrence of crown fires increases, leaving mountainsides open to both soil erosion and invasion by exotic species. We examined if the loss in understory cover that occurred with increasing tree cover was reflected in the density and diversity of the seed bank. Seed banks in stands with low, medium, and high tree cover were measured in late October for 2 yr. Multivariate analyses indicated that cover and diversity of standing vegetation changed as tree cover increased. However, the seed bank did not differ in overall seed density or species diversity because seeds of the 13 species that comprised 86% of the seed bank occurred in similar density across the tree-cover groups. Sixty-three percent of the species that were in the seed bank were absent from the vegetation (mostly annual forbs). In addition, 49% of the species that occurred in the standing vegetation were not in the seed bank (mostly perennial forbs and shrubs). Only Artemisia tridentata, Bromus tectorum, and Collinsia parviflora displayed positive Spearman rank correlations between percent cover in the vegetation and density in the seed bank. Thus, much of the standing vegetation was not represented in the seed bank, and the few species that dominated the seed bank occurred across varying covers of pinyon–juniper. Conforme los bosques de “Pinyon–juniper” (específicamente, Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém. y Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little) del oeste de Estados Unidos de América se incrementan en distribución y densidad, el crecimiento del estrato herbáceo disminuye y la ocurrencia de incendios aumenta, dejando las laderas de las montañas expuestas a la erosión del suelo y la invasión de especies exóticas. Examinamos si la pérdida de cobertura herbácea, que ocurre al aumentar la cobertura de los árboles, se reflejó en la densidad y diversidad del banco de semillas del suelo. Durante 2 años, a finales de octubre, se midió el banco de semillas en poblaciones con cobertura de árboles baja, media, y alta. Los análisis multivariados indicaron que la cobertura y diversidad de la población vegetal cambió al incrementarse la cobertura de árboles. Sin embargo, el banco de semillas del suelo no difirió en la densidad y diversidad general de especies, porque las semillas de las 13 especies que constituyeron el 86% del banco de semillas, ocurrieron en densidad similar en los tres niveles de cobertura de árboles. El 63% de las especies que formaban el banco de semilla no estaban presentes en la vegetación (principalmente hierbas anuales). Además, 49% de les especies presentes en la vegetación no estaban en el banco de semilla (principalmente hierbas perennes y arbustos). Solo Artemisia tridentata Nutt., Bromus tectorum L. y Collinsia parviflora Lindl. Mostraron correlaciones de rango Spearman positivas entre el porcentaje de cobertura en la vegetación y la densidad en el banco de semilla. Por lo tanto, buena parte de la vegetación no estuvo representada en el banco de semillas, y las pocas especies que dominaron el banco de semillas ocurrieron en los diferentes niveles de cobertura de “Pinyon–juniper”.
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