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Abstract
Pesticides mixture (dimethoate 30% and methidathion 40%) prepared by the farmers in Yemen and engaged in the cultivation of Qat, which is chewed by people every day including pregnant women. Therefore, the developing embryos in the society are more vulnerable than adults to the chronic cholinergic intoxication. This study aimed to examine the chronic effect of pesticides mixture on the AChE of developmental embryo in an avian model, which does not share the maternal potential confounds. For this, fresh fertile chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) were used. The lethal concentration of pesticides mixture for 50% killing (LD50) values was computed on the basis of probit analysis and was found to be 40 ppm. 1/5 th LD50 and 1/10 th LD50 (8 and 4 ppm) were chosen to be the tested doses. Eggs weighing 54±1 gm were separated in to 3 batches of 10 eggs each batch. One batch of embryos was injected with normal saline and the other batches of embryos injected with pesticides mixture of 4 and 8 ppm each alternative day starting from incubation day 7 for 2 weeks. On day 21 after 12 hours of the last dose an amount of 200 µl blood was collected from the blood vessels surrounding the embryonic membranes and the heamolyzate was used for the assessment of the AChE activity calorimetrically. Result of this study indicated that 1/10 th of the LD50 had only marginal effect on the AChE activity (40.6%). Whereas 1/5 th of the LD50 of pesticides mixture caused significant inhibition of AChE activity (69%) which could not be reversible. So neuro-developmental consequences such as behavioral changes and memory impairment may prolong throughout the life span of the embryo.
Highlights
Insect pest management is facing the health and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals
Result of this study indicate that repeated exposure of embryo to 1/10th of the LD50 (4 ppm) of PM inhibited the activity of the embryo blood AChE by (40.6%), well below the 70% threshold for the emergence of any symptoms of irreversible recovery of the AChE activity (Clegg and van Gemert 1999)
1/5th of the LD50 (8 ppm) inhibited embryo blood AChE by 69%, which is about the threshold of irreversible recovery of the AChE activity, (Table 1)
Summary
Insect pest management is facing the health and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. The organophosphorus insecticides (OPIs) are one of the most widely used and their propensity to produce developmental neurotoxicity remains a major concern, Because pregnant womens are likely to be exposed to OPIs under circumstances that do not elicit outward signs of intoxication (De Peyster et al 1993; Gurunathan et al 1998) and in light of recent findings that such exposures can produce long term cognitive impairment in their children (Rauh et al 2006; Rohlman et al 2005), the mechanisms and consequences of OPIs developmental neurotoxicity remain a major environmental concern.
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Schedule a callMore From: Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, F. Toxicology & Pest Control
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