Abstract
The mycotoxin patulin (PAT) was purified from Penicillium vulpinum CM1 culture that has been isolated from a soil cultivated with maize. The effect of PAT and of a fungal culture filtrate on the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and some antioxidant enzymes viz. ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) was investigated in roots and shoots of 8-day-old maize seedlings. PAT and culture filtrate caused significant reduction effects in a dose-related manner on the total GST activity. Upon application of the high PAT concentration (25 μg·mL−1) and of the concentrated fungal filtrate (100%, v/v), the reduction in GST activity of roots was 73.8–76.0% and of shoots was 60–61.7%. Conversely, significant increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were induced. Application of 25 μg·PAT·mL−1 increased APX, GR, DHAR, and MDHAR activity of root by 2.40-, 2.00-, 1.24-, and 2.16-fold, respectively. In shoots, the enzymatic activity was increased by 1.57-, 1.45-, 1.45-, and 1.61-fold, respectively. Similar induction values of the enzymatic activity were obtained upon application of the concentrated fungal filtrate. This is the first report describing the response of GST and antioxidant enzyme activities of plant cells to PAT toxicity.
Highlights
Patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c] pyran-2(6H)-one) (PAT, Figure 1) is a mycotoxin produced by large number of fungal species within several genera such as Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, Eupenicillium, Paecilomyces, and Penicillium [1], including Penicillium vulpinum (Cooke & Massee) Seifert & Samson, a phytotoxic fungus associated with decaying plant roots [2,3]
This result is in line with that obtained by Jablonkai and Hatzios [46] who reported higher activity of GST in root of maize than in its shoot after treatment of maize seedlings with the herbicide acetochlor
These reactive oxygen species (ROS)-injuries in plants were reported to be induced by heavy metals and in order to prevent the induction of ROS-injuries, plants have developed various defense mechanisms to sustain the cellular redox state and mitigate the damage caused by oxidative stress [17]
Summary
Patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c] pyran-2(6H)-one) (PAT, Figure 1) is a mycotoxin produced by large number of fungal species within several genera such as Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, Eupenicillium, Paecilomyces, and Penicillium [1], including Penicillium vulpinum (Cooke & Massee) Seifert & Samson (formerly P. claviforme), a phytotoxic fungus associated with decaying plant roots [2,3]. This fungal species was reported to produce several mycotoxins such as α-cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin, PAT, and roquefortine C, in addition to alkaloids (cyclopeptin, cyclopenin, meleagrin, and oxaline) [4]. The phytotoxicity of PAT has been characterized
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