Abstract
Purpose: To assess the effects passive smoking and heavy metal concentrations in the blood and follicular fluid on assisted reproductive technology outcome.Methods: A prospective study was conducted between March 2017 and January 2018 in population consisted of 75 female patients undergoing an In vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle at Dr. Faris Medical center for Infertility and Human Reproduction located on Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt; with unexplained infertility who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using GnRH-antagonist protocol. Concentrations of three toxic metals Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) were measured both in blood sera and follicular fluid specimens. Patients were evaluated in two groups both undergoing ICSI; the first group consisted of patients who does not smoke or exposed to smoking (n=28) and the group passive smoker females (n=47). Results: These three heavy metals were significantly higher in serum and follicular fluid of passive smoking females (P<0.05). Also, higher concentrations of Cd, Pb and As were found in follicular fluid of passive smoking patients in comparison with non-smoker females. However, concentrations of Cd and Pb were not significantly different between both serum and follicular fluid. Conclusion: Passive smoking could affect levels of Cd, Pb and As in serum and follicular fluid of females undergoing Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Keywords: Cadmium (Cd); Lead (Pb); Arsenic (As); Follicular fluid (FF); Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI); heavy metals
Highlights
Smoking-related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of a variety of toxins in cigarette smoke, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and several heavy metals [1]
Lead (Pb) and are among the most common heavy metals associated with the adverse health effects of smoking[2]and are all designated as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.[3]. Heavy metals are metallic elements that have a relatively high density compared to water and could adversely affect human beings and animals as well as vegetation . [4] some heavy metals are necessary for life, most are considered non-essential and some have adverse health effects to humans
A total of 75 cycles of 75 couples enrolled intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) program in the Centre Inclusion Criteria: (i) infertile women with an indication for ICSI including unexplained infertility, tubal factor, and male factor; (ii) the couples were exposed to pollution by smoking or other passive smoking depends of their life style; (iii) the woman being 40 years or younger; (iv) at least 10 months of marriage without normal pregnancy; (v) women with Body Mass Index (BMI) 18-29
Summary
Smoking-related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of a variety of toxins in cigarette smoke, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and several heavy metals [1]. [4] some heavy metals are necessary for life, most are considered non-essential and some have adverse health effects to humans. Cd and Pb) and increased oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, endocrine disruption and epigenetic damage and through these mechanisms of toxicity, such elements could adversely affect outcomes of patients undergoing ICSI.[7]. The present study was to clarify the effect of passive smoking on the of heavy metals concentration in blood and follicular fluid of female patient ongoing ICSI. We explored differences between concentrations of Cd, Pb and As in serum and follicular fluid of females in non-smoker group and passive smoker group undergoing ICSI
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