Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM)-based electrolytes are prepared by dissolving the PAMAM half-generations G1.5 or G2.5 in propylene carbonate (PC), either with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) or sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) salts. The solutions, designed for ion battery applications, are studied in terms of ions transport properties. Raman Spectroscopy reveals information about the interactions between cations and PAMAM dendrimers as well as full dissociation of the salts in all solutions. Pulsed-field gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG NMR), measured as a function of both temperature and PAMAM concentration, are obtained for the cation, anion, solvent, and dendrimer molecules using lithium (7Li), sodium (23Na), fluorine (19F), and hydrogen (1H) NMR, respectively. It was found that lithium diffusion is slow compared to the larger TFSI anion and decreases with PAMAM concentration due to interactions between cation and dendrimer. Comparison of conductivities calculated from diffusion coefficients using the Nernst–Einstein equation, with conductivity measurements obtained from Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), shows slightly higher IS conductivities, caused among others by PAMAM conductivity.
Highlights
Since their first appearance on the market in 1991 (Sony), lithium ion batteries have found their way into numerous applications in portable devices, ranging from smartphones, tablets, electronic cigarettes, torches, and cordless tools
Comparison of conductivities calculated from diffusion coefficients using the Nernst–Einstein equation, with conductivity measurements obtained from Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), shows slightly higher IS conductivities, caused among others by Keywords: PAMAM; dendrimers; lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI); NaTFSI; propylene carbonate; conductivity; Pulsed-field gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG NMR); diffusion coefficients; transport numbers; electrolyte
The average temperature, PAMAM dendrimer concentration and generation in LiTFSI and NaTFSI–propylene carbonate (PC) based diffusion coefficients decrease the values of conductivity calculated by the Equation 3 in solutions for application as battery electrolytes
Summary
Since their first appearance on the market in 1991 (Sony), lithium ion batteries have found their way into numerous applications in portable devices, ranging from smartphones, tablets, electronic cigarettes, torches, and cordless tools. An ion battery is a complex multicomponent device, where one of the critical components is an electrolyte [4]. It plays a crucial role in the ionic conductivity and, it affects the transport properties of the lithium. The most popular and commonly used in commercial batteries are liquid electrolytes, based on the organic solvents (i.e., dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate) with dissolved lithium salts (i.e., LiPF6 ) [1,5].
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