Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a bioactive peptide with diverse effects in the nervous system. In addition to its more classic role as a neuromodulator, PACAP functions as a neurotrophic factor. Several neurotrophic factors have been shown to play an important role in the endogenous response following both cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury and to be effective when given exogenously. A number of studies have shown the neuroprotective effect of PACAP in different models of ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases and retinal degeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the neuroprotective potential of PACAP in models of different traumatic nerve injuries. Expression of endogenous PACAP and its specific PAC1 receptor is elevated in different parts of the central and peripheral nervous system after traumatic injuries. Some experiments demonstrate the protective effect of exogenous PACAP treatment in different traumatic brain injury models, in facial nerve and optic nerve trauma. The upregulation of endogenous PACAP and its receptors and the protective effect of exogenous PACAP after different central and peripheral nerve injuries show the important function of PACAP in neuronal regeneration indicating that PACAP may also be a promising therapeutic agent in injuries of the nervous system.
Highlights
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was isolated from ovine hypothalamus based on its ability to activate adenylate cyclase in the pituitary gland
Our light microscopic examination showed that the vehicle- and drug-treated animals subjected to TBI and reacted for the visualization of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and RMO-14 antibodies revealed discrete focal immunoreactivity within scattered axons in the corticospinal tract (CSpT) and in the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF)
Another model for sciatic nerve injury is the use of a narrow silicone tube which is applied around the nerve and it is compressed for various time periods
Summary
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was isolated from ovine hypothalamus based on its ability to activate adenylate cyclase in the pituitary gland. Skoglosa et al [33] examined changes in mRNA expression of PACAP and its type 1 receptor in the cortex and hippocampus after a moderate traumatic brain injury. This moderate trauma was performed by a 21 g free-falling weight that was dropped from a height of 35 cm on a piston. There was no altered PACAP and PAC1 receptor mRNA expression in the lesion penumbra, callosal neurons in the contralateral cortex, or thalamic afferents [35] The results of this stab injury model were in contrast with those reported by Skoglosa and coworkers [33] and maybe due to the differences between the two trauma models. Changes in the expression of endogenous PACAP and its receptors in peripheral and cranial nerve injuries
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