Abstract
BackgroundOxidative stress due to abnormal induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules is believed to be involved in the etiology of many diseases. Evidences suggest that ROS is involved in nephrotoxicity through frequent exposure to industrial toxic agents such as thioacetamide (TAA). The current investigation was designed to explore the possible protective effects of the leaves of Vitex negundo(VN) extract against TAA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.MethodsTwenty four Sprague Dawleyrats were divided into four groups: (A) Normal control, (B) TAA (0.03% w/v in drinking water), (C) VN100 (VN 100 mg/kg + TAA) and (D) VN300 (VN 300 mg/kg + TAA). Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were measured,supraoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of renal tissue were assayed. Histopathological analysis together with the oxidative stress nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase p22phox in kidney sections were examined in all experimental groups.ResultsBlood urea and serum creatinine levels were increased in TAA group as a result of the nephrotoxicity compared to the VN100 and VN300 groups where, the levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Renal MDA level was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the VN-treated groups with increased CAT and SOD activities compared to the TAA group. Light microscopic examination of renal tissues stained by H&E stain and Masson’s Trichrome for TAA-treated groups revealed severe histopathological changes, whereas specimens obtained from VN-treated groups showed only mild changes. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical results.ConclusionsVN extract acts as a natural potent antioxidant to prevent ongoing TAA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, both biochemically and morphologically.
Highlights
Oxidative stress due to abnormal induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules is believed to be involved in the etiology of many diseases
VN100 + TAA groups, the increased in body weight was not significant (p < 0.05) compared to TAA group
Biochemical determination Rats from the TAA-treated group exhibited significantly increased (p < 0.05) levels of blood urea and serum creatinine compared to the normal control group
Summary
Oxidative stress due to abnormal induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules is believed to be involved in the etiology of many diseases. Kidneys are highly vulnerable to damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROSs), likely due to oxidative stress by polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of renal lipids [1]. This damage can be caused by a high volume of blood flowing through it, and filtering large amounts of toxins, which can concentrate in kidney lobules [2]. The kidney’s response to toxicants varies by multiple morphological patterns beginning with tubular or interstitial changes to nephropathy [3] It has Nephrotoxicity is a poisonous effect due to drugs and its overdose on the kidneys. Thioacetamide (TAA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CSNH2 It is originally used as a fungicide, and is a potent hepatotoxin [5]. TAA undergoes an extensive metabolism to acetate and it is excreted through the urine within 24 hours [5,8]
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