Abstract
Background Certain salivary biomarkers that are considered unique in relation to the physiological aspects of periodontitis can be helpful in the diagnosis of periodontitis by considering quantitative changes in such biomarkers. This study was undertaken to answer the question to what extent non-surgical periodontal treatment can affect concentrations of salivary biomarkers in patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. Methods Eighteen patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis were recruited for this study by considering periodontal parameters of gingival index (GI), probing pocket depths (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CAL) and a number of radiographic parameters. Salivary samples were analyzed at baseline and at one-month interval after non-surgical periodontal treatment consisting of scaling and root planing. Concentrations of salivary biomarkers, including cortisol, immunoglobulin A (Ig A), IL-6, interferon-γ, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM) and ALP, were determined with the use of an ELISA kit. Data were subjected to statistical analyses using paired t-test, with SPSS 15. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results Mean levels of IgA and interferon-γ decreased significantly after treatment (P<0.05); however, cortisol concentrations increased significantly after treatment. In addition, the decrease in IL-6, sICAM-1 and ALP levels were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion The results showed that the salivary levels of IgA and interferon-γ decreased and those of cortisol increased significantly subsequent to scaling and root planing.
Highlights
A chronic inflammatory process induced by bacterial plaque accumulation in the gingival sulcus, leading to induction of an inflammatory response, is called periodontal disease.[1]
Eighteen patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis were recruited for this study by considering periodontal parameters of gingival index (GI), probing pocket depths (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CAL) and a number of radiographic parameters
Salivary samples were analyzed at baseline and at one-month interval after non-surgical periodontal treatment consisting of scaling and root planing
Summary
A chronic inflammatory process induced by bacterial plaque accumulation in the gingival sulcus, leading to induction of an inflammatory response, is called periodontal disease.[1]. Exposure of cells and underlying periodontal tissues occurs due to destruction of the periodontium by bacterial virulence factors Bacterial constituents such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cause stimulation of the cells, including monocytes, lymphocytes and fibroblasts, leading to the release of some proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, including IL-6, IL-1, PGE-2, TNF-α and IL-8. Its activity has been reported to be at a maximum level in mixed saliva samples, with a minimum activity in parotid salivary samples.[6] Cortisol, as one of the most important glucocorticoid, is produced in the adrenal cortex.[7] Cortisol is found in the saliva because unbound serum cortisol enters the saliva through intracellular mechanisms and the major part of the salivary cortisol is unbound to protein.[8] IgA is an antibody with an important role in the immune activity of mucous membranes This IgA subclass is referred to as sIgA (secretory IgA) and is the predominant immunoglobulin in mucous secretions of salivary glands.[9] IL-6 constitutes a family of cytokines, with a key role in the induction of the immune response to infections or traumas. This study was undertaken to answer the question to what extent non-surgical periodontal treatment can affect concentrations of salivary biomarkers in patients suffering from chronic periodontitis
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