Abstract
The spatial quantization imparted by printed pixels becomes significant when printing finely detailed bitonal images such as data-bearing halftones. This paper explores the consequences non-integer scaling has on data recovery error from such data-bearing marks. We verify that different printer manufacturers use nearest-neighbor scaling, and conducted hundreds of print and mobile camera capture measurements to quantify data recovery errors as a function of printed pixel replication factor. We tested the effects of multiple payloads represented by several data-bearing images, printed on a variety of printers, and captured at different camera distances. The analog print–and-capture experiments are compared with digital simulations, using several error measures. The results support a surprising conclusion: there is no significant advantage in forcing printed pixel replication to be an integer.
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