Effect of Nitrogen on the Degradation of Cypermethrin and Its Metabolite 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid in Soil

Abstract

Increasing use of pyrethroid insecticides has resulted in concerns regarding potential effects on human health and ecosystems. Cypermethrin and its metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) have exerted adverse biological impacts on the environment; therefore, it is critically important to develop different methods to enhance their degradation. In this study, incubation experiments were conducted using samples of an Aquic Inceptisol supplied with nitrogen (N) in the form of NH 4NO 3 at different levels to investigate the effect of nitrogen on the degradation of cypermethrin and PBA in soil. The results indicated that appropriate N application can promote the degradation of cypermethrin and PBA in soil. The maximum degradation rates were 80.0% for cypermethrin after 14 days of incubation in the treatment with N at a rate of 122.1 kg ha −1 and 41.0% for PBA after 60 days of incubation in the treatment with N at a rate of 182.7 kg ha −1. The corresponding rates in the treatments without nitrogen were 62.7% for cypermethrin and 27.8% for PBA. However, oversupplying N significantly reduced degradation of these compounds. Enhancement of degradation could be explained by the stimulation of microbial activity after the addition of N. In particular, dehydrogenase activities in the soil generally increased with the addition of N, except in the soil where N was applied at the highest level. The lower degradation rate measured in the treatment with an oversupply of N may be attributed to the microbial metabolism shifts induced by high N.