Abstract
Lodging is one of the constraints that limit wheat yields and quality due to the unexpected bending or breaking stems on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide. In addition to choosing lodging resistance varieties, husbandry practices also have a significant effect on lodging. Nitrogen management is one of the most common and efficient methods. A field experiment with Yangmai 20 as research material (a widely-used variety) was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen levels and ratios on culm morphological, anatomical characters and chemical components and to explore the nitrogen application techniques for lodging tolerance and high yield. Results showed that some index of basal internodes, such as stem wall thickness, filling degree, lignin content, cellulose content, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and WSC/N ratio, were positively and significantly correlated with culm lodging-resistant index (CLRI). As the increase of nitrogen level and basal nitrogen ratio, the basal internodes became slender and fragile with the thick stem wall, while filling degree, chemical components and the strength of the stem decreased gradually, which significantly increased the lodging risk. The response of grain yield to nitrogen doses was quadratic and grain yield reached the highest at the nitrogen ratio of 50%:10%:20%:20% (the ratio of nitrogen amount applied before sowing, at tillering stage, jointing stage and booting stage respectively, abbreviated as 5:1:2:2). These results suggested that for Yangmai 20, the planting density of 180×104ha-1, nitrogen level of 225 kg ha-1, and the ratio of 5: 1: 2: 2 effectively increased lodging resistance and grain yield. This combination of planting density and nitrogen level and ratio could effectively relieve the contradiction between high-yielding and anti-lodging.
Highlights
Wheat is one of the most important agricultural crops in the world
The treatment of 5:1:2:2 reached the highest grain yield, which increased by 10.05% and 2.27% compared with the treatments of 7:1:2:0 and 3:1:3:3, respectively
Correlation analysis demonstrated that stem wall thickness and filling degree of first and second basal internodes, lignin, cellulose and Water-solute carbohydrates (WSC)/N ratio positively correlated with culm lodging resistance index (CLRI) significantly
Summary
In China [12], plant growth regulators have not been widely used to improve lodging resistance in high yielding environments, lodging is the most important constraint limiting high yield [13]. Plant breeders have reduced lodging risk by introducing dwarfing genes to produce shorter varieties [12] It was not the only choice of cultivar that affects the incidence of lodging: crop management is important [23]. The trial was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen levels and nitrogen application ratios on lodging resistance and investigate the relationship between plant morphology, stem anatomical structures, chemical components and other indicators with lodging resistance and to explore the nitrogen application techniques for anti-lodging and high-yielding
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