Abstract
Background: The aim of this work was to evaluate phytotoxicity of the thiophene derivatives against three persistent weeds of a high degree of resistance (Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Rumex acetosa L., and Chenopodium album) as well as their ecotoxicological impact on Heterocypris incongruens. In addition, Aliivibrio fischeri was measured. Two of eight described aminophosphonates, namely dimethyl N-(2-methoxyphenyl)amino(2-thienyl)methylphosphonate (2d) and dimethyl N-(tert-butyl)- (2-thienyl)methylphosphonate (2h), have never been reported before. Methods: The phytotoxicity of tested aminophosphonates toward their potential application as soil-applied herbicides was evaluated according to the OECD 208 Guideline. Ecotoxicological properties of investigated compounds were made using the OSTRACODTOXKITTM and Microtox® tests. Results: Obtained results showed that four aminophosphonates have interesting herbicidal properties and N-(2-methylphenyl)amino- (2-thienyl)methylphosphonate (2a) was found to kill efficiently the most resistant plant Chenopodium album. None of the tested compounds showed important toxicity against Aliivibrio fischeri. However, their toxic impact on Heterocypris incongruens was significantly elevated. Conclusions: The aminophosphonate 2a showed herbicidal potential and it is not toxic against tested bacteria (EC50 over 1000 mg/L). It was found to be moderately toxic against ostracods [mortality 48% at 10 mg/kg of soil dry weight (s.d.w.)] and this problem should be solved by the use of the controlled release from a polymeric carrier.
Highlights
The growing need to increase the food production in agricultural areas stimulates the development of different kinds of pesticides
A series of dimethyl aminophosphonates bearing a 2-thienyl moiety was synthesized and synthesized compounds were evaluated in aspect of their phytotoxicological properties
All investigated compounds 2a–h were tested in aspect of their ecotoxicological impact on Heterocypris incongruens (OSTRACODTOXKITTM ) and Aliivibrio fischeri (Microtox®® test)
Summary
The growing need to increase the food production in agricultural areas stimulates the development of different kinds of pesticides. Among these preparations, herbicides are of interest because of the increasing number of undesirable plant vegetation. Herbicides, which are used currently, are generally more or less safe compounds. Their widespread and prolonged use and sometimes overdosage resulted in their residues deposition in crops, soil, and land waters, which. Methods: The phytotoxicity of tested aminophosphonates toward their potential application as soil-applied herbicides was evaluated according to the OECD 208 Guideline. Results: Obtained results showed that four aminophosphonates have interesting herbicidal properties and
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