Abstract
Dopant induced modifications in the microstructure of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) were characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC and EIS techniques. FTIR analysis exhibited a considerable microstructural modification in NaCMC upon NaClO4⋅H2O doping invoked through complex formation via Lewis acid-base interaction and hydrogen bond formation between ions and dipoles. This resulted in the modification in the orderliness/disorderliness of polymer chains as observed from XRD deconvolution. At higher salt concentrations, the complexity of the network causes the formation of new amorphous and crystalline phases as reflected in the XRD studies. DSC analysis showed an increase in Tg as the salt concentration increased, indicating a reduction in polymer chains flexibility. The contribution of free ions has masked over the enhancement in amorphous content to conductivity at a lower concentration of salt in the matrix, later on, the formation of a new crystalline phase due to transient crosslinks by Na+…ClO4−…Na+ has affected the ion transport process.
Highlights
Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) based on solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) are considered to be one of the promising candidates for next-generation large-scale highenergy and high-safety energy storage applications owing to the availability of sodium resources [1, 2]
NaCMC has emerged as a promising inexpensive alternative binder for the active electrode material particles over conventional high cost, non-environmentally friendly binder, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries with improved performance [8,9,10]
The degree of dissociation of the salt plays a vital role in the ion transport mechanism that depends on the local dielectric properties of the polymer host; associated with the number of coordination sites and functionality in the polymer structure [11]
Summary
Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) based on solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) are considered to be one of the promising candidates for next-generation large-scale highenergy and high-safety energy storage applications owing to the availability of sodium resources [1, 2]. SPE of NaCMC doped with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was analyzed and the polymer-salt complex formation has enhanced the amorphous phase resulted in enhancement in ionic conductivity [12].
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