Abstract
The objective designated to discover the analgesic effect of nefopam in the normal (non-stressed) chickens and its possible alteration due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress (OS) in 7-14 day old chickens. The analgesia of nefopam has been increased by 47% in the stressed chickens by measuring the analgesic Median Effective Dose (ED50) value. This value was 9.10 mg/kg, IM in the normal chickens where it became 4.80 mg/kg, IM in stressed chickens. There is a significant rise in the antinociceptive action of nefopam 18 mg/kg, IM by 88% in the stressed group of chickens in comparison with the normal one elicited by an electro-stimulation and formaldehyde 0.05 ml of 0.1% tests for induction of nociception. The observations showed several significant stimulatory modifications in the neurobehaviour when nefopam treated with a subtle dosage 1 mg/kg, IM in the stressed chickens concerning the latency to move, squares crossed and time of the tonic immobility response test. Significant damage was detected in the liver function when nefopam injected at 18 mg/kg, IM in stress chickens in comparison to normal one by 28, 33 and 65% as estimated through Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate trans-aminase (AST) and Alanine trans-aminase (ALT) concentrations in the serum, respectively. The sum of data findings indicated that H2O2-inducedOS increased the analgesic activity of nefopam in the chickens; despite the changes occur on the neurobehaviour and liver function. The dose of nefopam should be reduced when preparing the therapeutic regimen in the stressed animals.
Highlights
Nefopam is considered a non-narcotic analgesic medication used primarily to treat moderate to severe of acute or chronic nociception and to treat of a neuropathic pain disorder [1]
The sum of data findings indicated that H2O2-induced oxidative stress (OS) increased the analgesic activity of nefopam in the chickens; despite the changes occur on the neurobehaviour and liver function
The dose of nefopam should be reduced when preparing the therapeutic regimen in the stressed animals
Summary
Nefopam is considered a non-narcotic analgesic medication used primarily to treat moderate to severe of acute or chronic nociception and to treat of a neuropathic pain disorder [1]. Nefopam works by a unique mechanism of action by which it produces analgesia through either modification of Na+2 and Ca+2 canals which decrease glutamate release that considered an important neuro-transmitter associated with noci-ceptive processing or it elevates catecholamines (especially norepinephrine and dopamine) and serotonin activity by inhibiting their reuptake from the presynaptic neurons, which are well-thought-out a pain signaling dependent neurotransmitters [1,5]. Many stressful conditions such as chemical (H2O2) and physical (heat) stressors are known to cause modulations in drug response, especially for the centrally acting drugs [11]. H2O2 are well organized to cause OS by increasing reactive O2 species (ROS), increases the content of free radicals which interacts and modifies the functions of the cellular components especially the receptor proteins responsible for pharmacodynamics and the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for pharmacokinetics [10,11] of the drugs and destruction of the blood-brain barrier [12] and altering the drug response
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