Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano-eugenol combined with aerobic exercise against the streptozotocin toxicity and inflammatory mediators P38-MAPK, NPY and A-Rα2A in the dorsal root ganglia of diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five, 8-week-old Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) normal control group (normal model); 2) diabetic control group (diabetic model); 3), diabetic + exercise group (diabetic+exercise model); 4) diabetic group + nano-eugenol (diabetic+nano model); and 5) diabetic + exercise + nano-eugenol (diabetic+exercise+nano model). Diabetes was induced in the experimental groups 2 through 5 by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 4mg/100 grams of the rats’ body weight. The nano-eugenol supplement was also gavaged into the supplement groups 4 and 5 only. Groups 3 and 5 exercised progressively at a speed of 8 to 20 meter/min for 5 to 30 min, five days a week over the 8-week study duration. Results: The diabetic rats that exercised and were treated with the nano-eugenol, showed a significant decrease in P38-MAPK gene expression compared to the normal model group (P=0.001). The study of the therapeutic modalities also showed that only the diabetic + exercise + nano-eugenol group showed a significant increase in NPY and A-Rα2A genes compared to the normal model (P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of nano-eugenol supplementation combined with aerobic exercise is likely to be effective in controlling the neurological damages due to diabetes by negatively regulating the P38-MAPK gene while positively regulating the NPY and A-Rα2A genes in the DRG region.
Highlights
D espite much therapeutic advancements made in the medical world, type-II diabetes is still on the rise among populations, especially in the developing countries [1].It is estimated that the number of people with type-II diabetes will approach 592 million by 2035, up from 382 million in 2013 [2]
NPY gene: Upon the analysis of the mRNA for NPY, it was noted that the induced diabetes caused a significant decrease in the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells (P=0.001) compared to that documented for the healthy controls (Group 1)
The findings of the current study suggest that aerobic exercising combined with nano-eugenol supplementation is significantly more effective in controlling damages to the DRG neurons by excess inflammatory factors generated in diabetes than either approach alone
Summary
D espite much therapeutic advancements made in the medical world, type-II diabetes is still on the rise among populations, especially in the developing countries [1].It is estimated that the number of people with type-II diabetes will approach 592 million by 2035, up from 382 million in 2013 [2]. It is established that the high blood glucose in diabetes is the initial cause of most if not all of the associated pathologies These include increased oxidative stress, local inflammation, polyol pathway activation, heightened protein kinase-C synthesis and glycosylation biproducts, hypoxia and ischemia in the Central Nervous System (CNS), and reduced linoleic acid and growth factors [5]. These events promote oxidative stress and inflammatory response; structural damage to the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) is believed to a major neurological health concern [6]. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano-eugenol combined with aerobic exercise against the streptozotocin toxicity and inflammatory mediators P38MAPK, NPY and A-Rα2A in the dorsal root ganglia of diabetic rats
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