Abstract
BackgroundUncontrolled inflammation participates in the development of inflammatory diseases. Beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the n-3 family such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on inflammation have been reported.The present study investigates the basal effects of EPA, DHA and a mixture EPA + DHA on the expression of 10 genes (AKT1, MAPK, NFKB, TNFA, IL1Β, MCP1, ALOX5, PTGS2, MGST1and NOS2) related to inflammation in unstimulated cultured THP1 macrophages. Cells were incubated for 24 h with n-3 PUFAs (50 μM and 10 μM EPA, DHA, EPA + DHA). Expression levels of inflammatory genes were analyzed by real-time PCR.Results50 μM, 10 μM EPA and 50 μM EPA + DHA decreased the expression of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway (MAPK, AKT1, and NFKB). Treatment with 50 μM, 10 μM EPA, 50 μM DHA and EPA + DHA decreased expression levels of cytokines genes IL1Β and MCP1. TNFA expression was decreased by 50 μM, 10 μM of EPA, DHA and with 50 μM EPA + DHA. Two genes involved in the fatty acid metabolism (PTGS2 and ALOX5) were also modulated by the n-3 FAs. 50 μM of DHA and EPA + DHA inhibited PTGS2 expression when the two concentrations of EPA, 50 μM DHA and EPA + DHA inhibited ALOX5 expression. Finally, the effects of n-3 FAs were studied among genes involved in the oxidative stress. 50 μM of each fatty acid increased MGST1 expression. Both concentration of EPA and 50 μM DHA decreased NOS2 expression.ConclusionEPA seems to be more effective than DHA and EPA + DHA in modulating expression levels of selected inflammatory genes. The concentration of 50 μM was globally more effective than 10 μM.
Highlights
Uncontrolled inflammation participates in the development of inflammatory diseases
ALA is the precursor of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) acids producing anti-inflammatory eicosanoids involved in the resolution of inflammation [4, 29]
Effects of n-3 fatty acids (FAs) on cytokine gene expression eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) significantly reduced the expression of genes coding for cytokines IL1B, MCP1 and TNFA, Fig. 1
Summary
Uncontrolled inflammation participates in the development of inflammatory diseases. Beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the n-3 family such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on inflammation have been reported. Inflammation is part of the body’s immediate response to injury It starts the immunologic elimination of invading pathogens and toxins in order to repair damaged tissues. During this stage, immune cells produce inflammatory molecules participating in the destruction of foreign agents [6, 31]. Inflammation is a normal response, it can harm host tissues when uncontrolled Such inappropriate inflammatory responses are in part characterized by an abnormal production of inflammatory mediators by Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural constituents of the diet, having a wide spectrum of physiological roles [5, 8, 28].
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