Abstract

Objective: This study explored the effect of multiple-nutrient supplementation on muscle damage and liver and kidney function after vigorous exercise under heat.Methods: After an initial pilot trial comprising 89 male participants, 85 participants were recruited and assigned into three groups: a multiple-nutrient (M) group, a glucose (G) group, and a water (W) group. Multiple-nutrient supplements contain glucose, fructose, maltose, sodium, potassium, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin K, and taurine. Participants were organised to take a 3-km running test (wet-bulb globe temperature 32°C) after a short-term (7 days) supplement. Blood samples were obtained to detect biochemical parameters [glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactic acid], inflammation factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], and oxidative stress biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F (2alpha) (8-iso-PGF2α)].Results: In the pilot trial, BUN decreased significantly in the M and G groups immediately after the running test. AST, Cr, and UA were significantly reduced 24 h after the running test with single-shot multiple-nutrient supplementation. In the short-term trial, multiple nutrients further prevented the elevation of CK (p = 0.045) and LDH (p = 0.033) levels 24 h after strenuous exercise. Moreover, we found that multiple nutrients significantly reduced IL-6 (p = 0.001) and TNF-α (p = 0.015) elevation immediately after exercise. Simultaneously, SOD elevation was significantly higher in the M group immediately after exercising than in the other two groups (p = 0.033). 8-iso-PGF2α was reduced in the M group 24 h after exercise (p = 0.036).Conclusions: This study found that multiple-nutrient supplementation promoted the recovery of muscle damage and decreased liver and kidney function caused by strenuous exercise in a hot environment, probably through the inhibition of secondary damage induced by increased inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress. In this respect, the current study has important implications for the strategy of nutritional support to accelerate recovery and potentially prevent heat-related illness. This study was prospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov on June 21, 2019 (ID: ChiCTR1900023988).

Highlights

  • The rate of heat-related morbidity and mortality increases with the process of climate change, especially for workers and athletes [1,2,3]

  • Given the scarcity of literature concerning this, the current study aimed to explore the effect of multiple-nutrient supplement supplementation on strenuous activity in a hot environment and its advantage, if any, over glucose and water consumption

  • Lactic acid was significantly increased after the running test, while no significant difference was found among the groups regarding lactic acid change either at Immediately after running test (POST) or 24 h after running test (REC)

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Summary

Introduction

The rate of heat-related morbidity and mortality increases with the process of climate change, especially for workers and athletes [1,2,3]. Exposure to a hot and humid environment increases metabolic rates and heat production. Body heat dissipation increases, with increase in sweating and cutaneous vasodilation. The cardiovascular system responds by increasing heart rate and cardiac contractility and reducing blood flow from non-cutaneous regions [4]. A huge body of studies has concluded that high environmental temperature negatively affects the physical performance and exacerbates poor cognitive function [5,6,7,8]. A hot environment augments immune disturbance [9,10,11] and oxidative stress (production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, etc.) [12, 13]. All the physiological mechanisms believed to cause injury with hot conditions alone are markedly aggravated further with physical activities [14,15,16,17]

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