Abstract

Clinical trials (1, 2) have shown that intensive control of blood glucose and hypertension reduce development of clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Elevated HbA1c (A1C) is a risk for persistent CSME (3). Gross proteinuria is associated with a 95% increase in the incidence of macular edema (4). However, the effect of control of systemic factors before focal laser photocoagulation is not known. We aimed to determine whether multifactorial intervention over 4–6 weeks before focal laser photocoagulation would reduce …

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