Abstract
PurposeAngiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) regulates lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase activity and stimulating lipolysis in adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to find out whether the mountain ultra-marathon running influences plasma ANGPTL4 and whether it is related to plasma lipid changes.MethodsTen healthy men (age 31 ± 1.1 years) completed a 100-km ultra-marathon running. Plasma ANGPTL4, free fatty acids (FFA), triacylglycerols (TG), glycerol (Gly), total cholesterol (TC), low (LDL-C) and high (HDL-C) density lipoprotein-cholesterol were determined before, immediately after the run and after 90 min of recovery.ResultsPlasma ANGPTL4 increased during exercise from 68.0 ± 16.5 to 101.2 ± 18.1 ng/ml (p < 0.001). This was accompanied by significant increases in plasma FFA, Gly, HDL-C and decreases in plasma TG concentrations (p < 0.01). After 90 min of recovery, plasma ANGPTL4 and TG did not differ significantly from the exercise values, while plasma FFA, Gly, TC and HDL-C were significantly lower than immediately after the run.TC/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C molar ratios were significantly reduced. The exercise-induced changes in plasma ANGPTL4 correlated positively with those of FFA (r = 0.73; p < 0.02), and HDL-C (r = 0.69; p < 0.05). Positive correlation was found also between plasma ANGPTL4 and FFA concentrations after 90 min of recovery (r = 0.77; p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe present data suggest that increase in plasma FFA during mountain ultra-marathon run may be involved in plasma ANGPTL4 release and that increase in ANGPTL4 secretion may be a compensatory mechanism against fatty acid-induced oxidative stress. Increase in plasma HDL-C observed immediately after the run may be due to the protective effect of ANGPTL4 on HDL.
Highlights
Long-distance running, such as marathon or ultra-marathon, is a popular type of physical activity that improves the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, preventing obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
Fatty acids oxidized by skeletal muscles may originate from three sources: lipolysis of endogenous triacyloglycerols (TG) in myocytes (Watt et al 2002), hydrolysis of TG stored in adipose tissue and hydrolysis of TG contained in lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons (Helge et al 2001; Morio et al 2004)
The present study demonstrated that the 100-km mountain ultra-marathon running induced significant increase in the plasma Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) concentration, which is likely mediated by elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA)
Summary
Long-distance running, such as marathon or ultra-marathon, is a popular type of physical activity that improves the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, preventing obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Fatty acids oxidized by skeletal muscles may originate from three sources: lipolysis of endogenous triacyloglycerols (TG) in myocytes (Watt et al 2002), hydrolysis of TG stored in adipose tissue and hydrolysis of TG contained in lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons (Helge et al 2001; Morio et al 2004). The latter is mediated by the catalytic action of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) on the luminal surface of microvascular endothelial cells (Kersten 2014). Trained men presented low plasma concentrations of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (Hardman 1998; Tomaszewski et al 2004)
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