Effect of Mineral-Balanced Deep-Sea Water on Kidney Function and Renal Oxidative Stress Markers in Rats Fed a High-Salt Diet.

So Min Jo,Gwi-Hwa Jeong,Jain Nam,Byung Serk Hurh,Byeong Goo Kim,Geonhee Park,Soo-Yeon Park,Ji Yeon Kim

doi:10.3390/ijms222413415

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of mineral-balanced deep-sea water (DSW) on kidney health using an animal model of kidney injury due to a high-sodium diet. High magnesium/low sodium (HMLS) and high magnesium/high calcium (HMHC) DSW samples with different mineral contents were prepared. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed an 8% sodium chloride (NaCl) diet for four weeks to induce kidney injury, and each group was supplied with purified water or mineral water. Kidney injury was observed in the NaCl group according to increased kidney injury markers and malondialdehydes, providing evidence of oxidative stress. However, the kidney injury was repaired by the intake of mineral-balanced DSW. It was confirmed that the HMLS and HMHC groups showed improved Na+ excretion through the urine. Kidney injury markers in urine decreased and upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein2 mRNA expression was observed in the HMLS and HMHC groups. In addition, superoxide dismutase activity was increased in the HMHC groups. The gene expression patterns of the RNA sequencing were similar between the CON and HMLS groups. These results suggest that DSW has beneficial effects on kidney health due to the balanced magnesium and calcium levels in models of kidney injury caused by excessive sodium intake.

Highlights

At present, people are consuming more salt in their diets
A decrease in food intake was observed at the first day of experiment due to the replacement of 8% NaCl feed in the NaCl, High magnesium/low sodium (HMLS), and high magnesium/high calcium (HMHC) groups
On day 28 of the test period, a 131% increase in the water intake of the NaCl group was noted compared to the CON group, while the water intake levels of the HMLS and HMHC groups increased by 31.3% and 23.0%, respectively, compared to the NaCl group

Summary

Introduction

Intake guidelines established by considering the association between sodium intake and the risk of high blood pressure [1]. A high salt intake increases blood pressure, leading to hypertension and possibly even heart failure [2]. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining our health. They regulate the homeostasis of minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and sodium (Na) through filtration and reabsorption processes [4,5]. There have been many studies of the relationship between a high salt intake and kidney injury, confirming that a high-salt diet causes renal tubular injury, renal fibrosis, and deteriorates the pathophysiological renal function [7,8]. Kidney injuries associated with a high salt diet can affect kidney function, such as filtration and reabsorption processes. A high-salt diet increases ROS production and induces dysfunction of mitochondria in the kidneys [10], and decreased GFR via NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation [11]

Methods

Results

Conclusion