Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Intraocular Pressure and Trabecular Meshwork Gene Expression: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of mindfulness meditation (MM) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and trabecular meshwork (TM) gene expression in patients with medically uncontrolled primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Parallel arm, single-masked, randomized controlled trial. Sixty POAG patients with IOP ≥21mm Hg taking maximal topical medication and scheduled for trabeculectomy were included in this study at a tertiary eye care center in India. Thirty patients (Group 1) underwent 3weeks of 45-minute daily MM sessions in addition to medical therapy while Group 2 continued medical therapy only. Primary outcome was change in IOP (ΔIOP) after 3weeks of MM. Secondary outcomes were probability of success, percentage of reduction in IOP, effect on diurnal variations of IOP, changes in quality of life (QoL), and changes in gene expression patterns in TM. At 3weeks, a significant decrease in IOP was seen in Group 1 (20.16 ± 3.3 to 15.05 ± 2.4mm Hg; P= .001), compared to Group 2 (21.2 ± 5.6 to 20.0 ± 5.8mm Hg; P= .38). ΔIOP was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (5.0 ± 1.80 vs. 0.20 ± 3.03mm Hg; P= .001). Analysis of gene expression revealed significant upregulation of nitric oxide synthetase (NOS1 and NOS3) and neuroprotective genes with downregulation of proinflammatory genes in Group 1 in comparison to Group 2 (P= .001). MM was associated with significant decrease in IOP and changes in TM gene expression, indicating its direct impact on ocular tissues.