Effect of Microstructure on Electroless Ni Plating Behavior on Super Duplex Stainless Steel SAF2507 in Li-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The demand for Li-ion batteries has significantly increased in recent years, driven by the growing need for electric vehicles and electronic devices like smartphones. Among various materials, super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is considered a suitable material for Li-ion batteries due to its excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, SDSS is sensitive to heat-treatment conditions, necessitating research on heat treatment and Ni plating for battery case usage. While extensive research has been conducted on SDSS and its heat-treatment conditions, there is a research gap concerning the Ni plating of SDSS. This study addresses this gap by performing Ni plating on heat-treated SDSS. Ni plating can be executed via two methods: electroless and electro-Ni plating. To achieve a uniform plating layer, Ni plating was conducted after heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to 1300 °C, followed by an analysis of the behavior of electroless Ni plating. The heat-treated SDSS displayed three primary characteristics: secondary phase precipitation, solution annealing, and ferritization (ferrite fractions of 61% and 73%). The presence of secondary phases led to a slower Ni plating rate due to its lower reactivity with Ni. Post-solution annealing, the texture of SDSS exhibited the thickest Ni plating layer at the same plating time. As the volume fraction of ferrite increased from 50% to 73% on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the resistance of the Ni plating layer decreased from 45 kOhms to 13 kOhms. The lowest resistance was observed when the ferrite fraction reached 73%, attributed to the lower reactivity of ferrite compared to austenite. Both secondary phases and ferrite contributed to reducing the thickness of the electroless Ni plating layer. Therefore, optimizing the volume fraction of SDSS using solution annealing proves beneficial for optimizing Ni plating and enhancing corrosion resistance.