Abstract
Lipopeptides possess excellent broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Different lipopeptides have their own unique chemical structures, properties and biological activities. Quantitative analysis of the lipopeptides iturin and surfactin and their homologues produced by Bacillus natto NT–6 subjected to different culture media, shaking speed of rotary shaker, and liquid and solid fermentation methods was conducted using LC–MS. For iturins, liquid-state fermentation in Landy medium at a shaking speed of 160 r min−1 was the most suitable for maximal homologue production. Addition of 0.4% attapulgite powder increased production by 1.92-fold; activated carbon significantly reduced production. For surfactin homologues, solid-state fermentation in potato dextrose broth medium at shaking speed > 160 r min−1 was the best. Addition of 0.4% attapulgite powder increased production by 1.96-fold; activated carbon had no effect. Thus it is clear that fermentation conditions can be manipulated to maximize iturin and surfactin production.
Highlights
In Bacillus subtilis spore metabolites, the lipopeptides consist of a lipophilic fatty acid chain and a hydrophilic peptide ring and the most common are surfactin, iturin, and fengycin (Banat et al 2010)
It is clear that media is the most important factor that affects the production of lipopeptides and abundance of nutrients is not conducive to the lipopeptide synthesis which is agreement with a previous report (Akpa et al 2001; Stein 2005; Andrade et al 2016)
Landy medium is generally regarded as a good medium for the production of lipopeptides, and has often been used in previous studies (Koumoutsi et al 2004; Fahim et al 2012) but maximal production depends on temperature and the shaking speed
Summary
In Bacillus subtilis spore metabolites, the lipopeptides consist of a lipophilic fatty acid chain and a hydrophilic peptide ring and the most common are surfactin, iturin, and fengycin (Banat et al 2010). These three lipopeptides have gained wide attention because they possess antibacterial and biosurfactant properties and have the potential to be useful in the fields of medicine, agriculture, food, cosmetics, petroleum, mining and environmental governance (Desai and Banat 1997; Banat et al 2010; Marchant and Banat 2012). Iturin, and fengycin have several homologues (Stein 2005; Shaligram and Singhal 2010) with unique structure, chemical properties and biological activities (Stein 2005; Banat et al 2010). Previous studies have all used HPLC for qualitative analysis, which cannot precisely quantify the lipopeptides homologues
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