Effect of Maximal and Submaximal Muscle Activation on Corticospinal Excitability in Humans

Abstract

IntroductionFollowing short duration (5‐10s), high intensity (≥70%MVC) muscle activation, there is an enhancement of muscle contractile properties, termed post action potentiation (PAP). During PAP induced by voluntary or electrically stimulated conditioning contractions (CC) it has been reported that the corticospinal silent period (SP), assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is elongated. Although a coexistence between the two occurs, the direct effect of PAP on corticospinal excitability has not been systematically evaluated to help determine whether a direct link exists. The purpose was to assess SP duration following potentiating and non‐potentiating voluntary and electrically stimulated contractions. We hypothesized that maximal and submaximal CCs inducing PAP and those not inducing PAP enhancement, respectively, will prolong SP durations albeit to a lesser degree at submaximal intensities.MethodsTen healthy young (three females; 18‐35y) individuals free of neurological issues to date have participated in the study. Subjects were seated with their right forearm pronated and their hand was fixed to a custom finger abduction force dynamometer. Monopolar surface electromyography signals were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) with self‐adhering Ag/AgCl electrodes. Peripheral stimulated twitches and tetani (50Hz) were evoked over the ulnar nerve at the wrist via a pair of small readjustable electrodes. Maximal M‐waves (M‐max) and baseline levels of (voluntary and stimulated) PAP and force were obtained for each subject. Electrically stimulated and voluntarily induced CCs of 10s were performed at ~95% MVC and ~35% MVC for a total of four contraction conditions. Before and after these contractions SP times were obtained during the plateau of ~25% MVC held for three seconds. To obtain SP times the TMS output was set to elicit a response ~75% of M‐max. The four conditions of voluntary or stimulated, maximal and submaximal CCs were pseudo‐randomized and repeated four times per subject. The nearest three values from each subject were averaged and compared as a normalized percent change from baseline.ResultsFollowing both maximal voluntary and stimulated CCs, mean twitch torque was enhanced similarly (PAP ~180%) with no PAP at the submaximal levels. Mean change in SP duration following maximal voluntary CCs was ~14% longer than control values, while maximal tetanic CCs similarly prolonged the SP by ~13%. Both voluntary and stimulated submaximal contractions prolonged SP duration similarly by ~5% and ~6%, respectively.ConclusionThese findings indicate that corticospinal inhibition assessed as SP elongation is present not only when the muscle is enhanced under PAP but also occurs following contractions inducing no PAP. This suggests that the muscle activation required to induce PAP likely causes the observed corticospinal inhibition, not the enhanced muscle properties of PAP per se.