Abstract
Red-osier dogwood, a native species of flowering plant in North America, has been reported to have anti-oxidative properties because of abundant phenolic compounds; this could be promising as a functional food or a feed additive. In the present study, an oxidative damage model using 1.0 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Caco-2 cells was established to evaluate the antioxidative effects of red-osier dogwood extracts (RDE). The results showed that 1.0 mM H2O2 pre-exposure for 3 h significantly decreased cell viability, and increased interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Caco-2 cells were treated with 100 µg/mL RDE for 24 h after pre-exposure to H2O2. It was found that the decreased cell viability caused by H2O2 was significantly restored by a subsequent 100 µg/mL RDE treatment. Furthermore, the IL-8 secretion and ROS level were significantly blocked by RDE, accompanied by the enhanced gene expression of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the enhanced protein expression of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2). Moreover, RDE improved barrier functions in Caco-2 cells. Using RDE reduced the diffusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and increased the transepithelial resistance (TEER) value. The relative mRNA level of tight junction claudin-1, claudin-3, and occludin was elevated by RDE. These extracts also repaired the integrity of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) damaged by H2O2 and increased the protein expressions of ZO-1 and claudin-3 in the H2O2-pretreated cells. These results illustrated that RDE reduced the ROS level and enhanced the barrier function in oxidative-damaged epithelial cells.
Highlights
Phytochemicals, referred to as phytobiotics or phytogenics, are natural bioactive products derived from plants
The results showed that ground red-osier dogwood could increase the feed digestibility and plasma concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in a ground red-osier dogwood dose-dependence
Cytotoxicity of H2 O2 on colon adenocarcinoma cell line-2 (Caco-2) cells was tested by a viability assay, and the optimal concentration of H2 O2 was chosen for inducing oxidative damage of Caco-2 cells
Summary
Phytochemicals, referred to as phytobiotics or phytogenics, are natural bioactive products derived from plants. Ground red-osier dogwood has been investigated in animal feeds to improve growth performance, feed intake, disease prevention, and meat quality [19,20]. The beneficial effects of ground red-osier dogwood on animal growth and feed digestion might be associated with the oxidative homeostasis of the intestinal cells and the integrity of the intestinal barrier that are maintained by the antioxidative function of phytochemicals in the ground red-osier dogwood. Ground red-osier dogwood has been investigated as potential animal feed additives to improve animal performance and meat quality, the mechanisms of ground red-osier dogwood in maintaining the oxidative homeostasis and the integrity of the intestinal barrier are still not fully understood. It is hypothesized that red-osier dogwood extracts (RDE) act as antioxidant agents capable of exerting protective effects against chemical-induced damage in intestinal epithelial cells. Was established, and the mechanisms of RDE in recovering the intestinal cells from oxidative damage were investigated by examining the antioxidant system and the tight junction protein expression
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